Although officially dated 16 March 1921, the Treaty of Moscow signed by the Soviet Russia and Kemalist Turkey on 18 March 1921 exemplifies a highly politicized text which reflects the pragmatism and revolutionary zeal of the beneficiary parties. At the same time it completely ignores the funda¬mental norms of democracy and International Law. This document was concluded by the illegitimate Turkish side as evidenced by the fact that the Ottoman Empire was at that time officially ruled by the Sultan with his Cabinet in Constantinople as well as by the fact that the Kemalists referred to the National Pact (adopted by the Ottoman metropolitan Parliament on 28 January 1920) in the Article I of the Treaty of Moscow. The Kemalists emphasized this way their collaboration with the official authorities and a range of other circumstances.

Keywords Treaty of Moscow 1921 Republic of Armenia RSFSR Kemalist Turkey Region of Kars Surmalu Nakhijevan Artsakh (Mountainous Karabakh) Azerbaijan Georgia.

The South Caucasus region historically has always been connected with the Middle East and throughout history has been an arena of struggle between world empires and regional powers. After the Artsakh war in 2020, the Middle East is much "closer" to the South Caucasus, where the Iranian-Israeli confrontation may spread. In the context of an unprecedented number of actors in the South Caucasus and a certain geopolitical vacuum that has been created, the countries of the region are forced to reconsider their previously established relations with the centers of power.

Keywords South Caucasus New Middle East Karabakh conflict Artsakh war Russian Federation Turkey Israel Iran Arab countries Armenia collective West new world order.

In 1920, the French policy implemented in the Republic of Armenia and in the whole of Transcaucasia was essentially different from the trends that had prevailed in 1919. Thus, in May of 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, the French Prime Minister G. Clemenceau vividly asserted political rights of his country in Cilicia and actively discussed the future shape of the Armenian-Turkish border with the head of the British cabinet D. Lloyd George as well as with US President W. Wilson. G. Clemenceau entered into temporary alliances and strived to resist British pressure linked to this matter. He expressed his displeasure with the British Army which was taking all decisions on the spot unilaterally.

KeywordsRepublic of Armenia France Turkey Transcaucasia Foreign Policy A. Millerand G. Leygues Treaty of Sevres 1920 High Commissioner D. de Martel RSFSR.

One of the first periodicals of the Reorganized Hunchak Party, formed in 1896, was the “New Life” journal, which was published in London in 1898–1902. The issue of political education of the Armenian people was discussed on the pages of the periodical. The journal contributed to the development of the Armenian liberation movement and its effectiveness and addressed the most significant issues of the Armenian national life of the late XIX century. The issues covered on the pages of the journal were topical for Armenian reality of that historical period, especially those concerning the reassessment of the liberation movement, the role of the great European powers in the fate of the Armenian people, the importance of education and enlightenment in the national progress. The “New Life” periodical also revealed the negative phenomena in national life, rightly emphasizing that it is impossible to develop a true national policy without laying stress on them.

Keywords: the “New Life” Arpiar Arpiaryan Reorganized Hunchak Party Ottoman Turkey ideology of the liberation movement Western Armenia Europe Russia A. Arzuyan.

In connection with the approach of the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Moscow Treaty in the media and in public circles, the topic of the alleged expiration of the validity period is being actively discussed, on the basis of which an assumption is made about the possibility of non-renewal for the next validity period of this agreement. It should be noted that the Moscow Treaty does not contain provisions on any validity periods, from which it follows that this is an open-ended contract, therefore, statements about a possible nonextension of its validity periods do not correspond to reality.

KeywordsTreaty of Moscow Treaty of Kars Soviet Armenia Soviet Russia Turkey Soviet Azerbaijan Kars province Ardahan district of Surmalu Nakhichevan.

At present, the Armenian-Turkish state border is regulated by the Russian-Turkish “Treaty of friendship and brotherhood” signed on March 16, 1921 in Moscow. If in the Soviet Armenian historical science it was evaluated from the perspective of the political and ideological interests of the Soviet state, then the conclusions of the scientists of the Armenian Diaspora were and remain based on the national and state interests of the Armenians.

KeywordsSoviet Russia Kemalist Turkey National covenant Russian–Turkish negotiations Moscow Treaty Armenian Question Western Armenia Kars province Surmalu district Nakhichevan Alexandropol.

The main issue of the Armenian national-political life in the early 20th century towards which the efforts of Armenian national parties were directed was the liberation of the Western Armenians from the Turkish yoke. After the Young Turkish coup in 1908 and the adoption of the Constitution in the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian political forces faced a new task – choosing ways of further actions to protect the rights of the Armenian people. The policy of the Young Turkish government, as well as many issues of the Armenian national-political life, were widely discussed in the pages of “Yeritasard Hayastan” (“Young Armenia”) periodical of the Hnchak Social Democratic Party which was the main party organ in the United States.

Keywords“Yeritasard Hayastan” Stepan Sapah-Gulian Western Armenians Turkey tyranny liberation struggle socialism revolutionary movement.