Anahit Astoyan - The economic activity of the armenians of constantinople (End of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century) (in Eng.)
22 Pages | 5-27 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-3 | 
Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / History
For centuries, the ruling element in the Ottoman Empire, the Turks, were engaged only in the administration of the country, leaving the economic field to the Christians of the country. Armenians, Greeks and other subject nations of the empire worked for centuries to keep the country’s economy prosperous1. After the Crimean war of 1853–1856, when the Ottoman Empire began to strengthen its relations with Europe and modernize its economy, Armenians were ready to play an important role between the empire and Europe. Armenian merchants knew European languages and the newest methods of European trade. That is why they were able to become mediators of Turkish–European trade and occupy an influential position in Turkish–European trade.
Henrik Khachatryan - Issue on the possessions of the Mamikonyans at the end of the eighth century
12 Pages | 26-38 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-26 | Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / History
Beginning from the year of 700 to the middle of the 9th century, Armenia together with the countries of the South Caucasus (Kartli, Arran, Shirvan and Derbent) constituted a single administrative unit called Arminiya of Arab Caliphate. The Mamikonyans were one of the strong, if not the strongest Nakharar (princely) family, which owned vast lands. Already from the 7th century the rivalry between the Mamikonyans and the Nakharars of Bagratuni is visible. In the 8th century, the institution of the First Prince (Prince of Armenia), except for two cases, was mainly in the hands of the princes of Bagratuni.
Vahan Melikyan - The Persian Armenians during the February Revolution of Russia in 1917
16 Pages | 39-55 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-39 | Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / History
The fall of the autocracy in Russia in February 1917 was the reason for significant military and political, social and economic changes in Persia and changes in the life of the Persian Armenians. In the context of the ongoing World War in Persia, the status of military and political, economic and financial control of Russia, England, Germany and the Ottoman Empire continued to dominate, and the threat of loss of the country's sovereignty was obvious. All these processes influenced all sectors of the life of Persian Armenians, in particular, social-economic and social-political.
Ashot Melkonyan - Arevik-Meghri in the historical and political context of Armenia (in Eng.)
11 Pages | 3-14 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-3 | Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History
Each historical-geographical region of Armenia has had its own place and role both in regional developments and in the social and cultural life of Armenians. From that point of view, Syunik province of the kingdom of Greater Armenia is not an exception either. Together with Artsakh, it has been the eastern gate of the Armenian land for centuries, one of its military-political and civilizational cornerstones .
It is no coincidence that Syunik had a special status in the kingdom of Greater Armenia. In Arsacid Armenia, the military forces under the ruling Syunik (Syuni) ministerial dynasty were among the most numerous , that is, they were ministers of the nobility and bore the titles of Prince of Princes or Crown Prince.
Gayane Makhmourian - On the historical and political assessment of the Treaty of Moscow, dated march 16 (18) 1921 (in Eng.)
24 Pages | 15-39 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-15 | Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History
Although officially dated 16 March 1921, the Treaty of Moscow signed by the Soviet Russia and Kemalist Turkey on 18 March 1921 exemplifies a highly politicized text which reflects the pragmatism and revolutionary zeal of the beneficiary parties. At the same time it completely ignores the funda¬mental norms of democracy and International Law. This document was concluded by the illegitimate Turkish side as evidenced by the fact that the Ottoman Empire was at that time officially ruled by the Sultan with his Cabinet in Constantinople as well as by the fact that the Kemalists referred to the National Pact (adopted by the Ottoman metropolitan Parliament on 28 January 1920) in the Article I of the Treaty of Moscow. The Kemalists emphasized this way their collaboration with the official authorities and a range of other circumstances.
Ashot Manucharyan - Episcopal diocese of Vanand (IV–VIII centuries)
9 Pages | 40-49 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-40 | Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History
The episcopacy of Vanand was one of the ancient 12/13 dioceses of Armenia, which were confirmed by St. Gregory the Illuminator at the beginning of the 4th century. Some time later, with the second diocesan branch of St. Gregory the Illuminator, it became the 15th among the 30 (36) major dioceses of Armenia, occupying a central place. The episcopacy of Vanand played a decisive role in the national church affairs of the country in the early Middle Ages.
Artak Maghalyan - On the issue of Grigor Hasan-Jalalyan’s apostasy, Catholicos of Gandzasar
19 Pages | 50-69 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-50 | Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History
In the Gavazanagirq (chronological list of Catholicoi) from Alwanq (Gandzasar) and in various chronicles, there are references to Catholicos Grigor Hasan-Jalalyan, who renounced Christianity in the 16th century. For a long time, this information remained a mystery. However, after the publication (in 1970) of the memorial records of the Gospel written by hieromonk Abraham, kept under number 33 in the library of the Amenaprkich Monastery of Nor Jugha, it became known that Catholicos Grigor was forcibly converted to Islam in 1574 by Safavid Shah Tahmasp I (1524–1576).
Avetis Harutyunyan - Van province during the governorship of Hasan Tahsin (1913–1914)
17 Pages | 70-87 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-70 | Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History
After the overthrow of the party Ittihat in 1913, Hassan Tahsin Bey was appointed the new governor of Van (1913–1915). Being an Ittihatian, he, unlike other Young Turks, was not an ardent nationalist. H. Tahsin had a friendly attitude towards Armenians and understood the national peculiarities of the local conditions. Thanks to his personal qualities, he managed to spread the spirit of solidarity in the province of Van and for the first time took drastic measures to settle Armenian-Kurdish relations, clean the province of Van from bandits, suppress the resistance of the rebellious sheikhs, resolve disputed land issues and improve educational work in the province.
Vahe Sargsyan - Dynamics of the Armenian population of Javakhk from 1959 to 2014 (according to the official census data)
11 Pages | 88-99 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-88 | Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History
More than half of the Armenians living in Georgia inhabit in Javakhk (currently administratively divided into Samtskhe–Javakhk Province and Tsalka District of Kvemo Kartli Province). The administrative territorial redistributions, that took place in the Soviet Georgia after the Second World War, as well as large and small demographic shifts, that happened during the war and in after years, had a serious impact on both the administrative divisions and the demographic picture of the heavily Armenian-populated southern regions of the Georgian SSR. The Georgian (Cartvelian) element came to replace the Muslim element (Turk–Meskhetians) who were massively moved from the mentioned territories.
Lilit Hovhannisyan - Stages of diplomatic discussions of the Armenian question in 1878–1923 according to the assessment of Armenian historical science (1991–2023)
30 Pages | 100-130 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-100 | Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History
During the 32 years of independence of the Republic of Armenia, Armenian historians have done valuable work in the direction of analyzing and evaluating both the collective obligations of the Great powers, their content and the Middle Eastern interests of each of the powers, their interstate conflicts on the issue of Western Armenia. In this context, the main stages of the diplomatic content of the Armenian question, from the reforms of Western Armenia to autonomy, then to independence, and then to the protection of the rights of the Armenian national minority in Turkey, were revealed.
- From the history of religious contradictions in the Armenian community of Constantinople (1715–1764)
17 Pages | 3-20 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-3 | Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History
During the reign of Armenian Patriarch Hovhannes Kolot of Constantinople, thanks to his prudence, frequent outbreaks of splits in the Armenian Community were prevented. Negotiation processes with Armenian Catholics were expanded. For Hovhannes Kolot and his associates, the basis of the dialogues was that the Catholics being members of the Armenian Community should refrain from confrontations against the national church, which would also help to avoid persecution by the state. Instead, as the facts show, the leaders of the community provided Armenian Catholics a stage (for sermons) in the national churches, banned the anti-Chalcedonian demonstrations in those churches, etc. In a number of issues, Hovhannes Kolot cooperated with the French ambassador to Constantinople, who was guided not by religious limitations but by the political interests of France.
Silvart Malhasyan (Istanbul) - Assistance of the Armenians of Constantinople to the First Republic of Armenia and Soviet Armenia (1919–1920)
15 Pages | 21-36 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-21 | Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History
From the very first days, the Armenians of Constantinople welcomed the proclamation of the First Republic of Armenia in May 1918, but could not openly express their feelings. After the official recognition of the Armenian Republic by the Paris Peace Conference on January 19, 1920, they showed their enthusiasm much more freely and began to participate in helping their Motherland. The assistance to Armenia was organized by the religious leaders of three churches headed by the Armenian Patriarchate of Turkey. Various cultural events were held.
Vahe Sargsyan - Visa regime in Russian-Georgian Relations and its effects on the Armenians living in Georgia (2000–2023)
17 Pages | 37-54 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-37 | Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History
The visa regime, established in 2000–2023, is an integral part of Georgian-Russian post-Soviet relations, a unique litmus test that shows the level of relations between the two countries at this stage. The established visa regime, confirmed by the administration of E. Shevardnadze in 2000 and strengthened during the years of the pro-Western and pro-Turkish rule of M. Saakashvili, caused a great damage to Russian-Georgian interstate relations, trade and economic ties, as well as to spiritual, cultural, and humanitarian contacts, mutually hindering visits of the citizens to these countries and in some periods creating insurmountable obstacles.
Lusine Sahakyan - Vahagn Dadryan – The outstanding researcher of the Armenian Genocide
30 Pages | 3-33 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.1-3 | Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / History
Prominent historian Vahagn Dadryan’s contribution to the study of the Armenian Genocide is highly valuable. Applying the latest historical-comparative and interdisciplinary methods, Dadryan discovered and introduced numerous archival documents into scientific circulation. Proceeding from theoretical statements put forward by different scientific disciplines, the scholar proposed and analyzed new problems and aspects of the Armenian Genocide, and the results of his investigations published on various academic and socio-political platforms, have always attracted the attention of academic circles.
Majeed Karimi (Iran) -
20 Pages | 34-54 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.1-34 | Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / History
Albert Kharatyan - The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Greek–Armenian confrontation around the Holy Places (1700s–1730s)
18 Pages | 55-73 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.1-55 | Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / History
Since the end of the 17th century, the Armenian Patriarchates of Jerusalem and Constantinople have faced trials and overcoming their grave consequences. The Patriarchate of Constantinople, weakened by theological strife, was unable to maintain the inviolability of the Jerusalem monastery of St. Jacob. The monastery was at the mercy of adventurers and greedy representatives of the local elite, who ruthlessly plundered the property of the monastery. The frequent change of patriarchs led to the fact that even the very existence of the Armenian congregation in Jerusalem was called into question.
Vardan Alexanyan - Hovhannes Draskhanakertsi, Catholicos-Ideologist of Armenian statehood
31 Pages | 3-34 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-3 | Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History
Hovhannes Draskhanakertsi headed the catholicos throne during an epochal historical period, when the newly created Armenian statehood faced difficult external and internal challenges, and the church was severely tested. The conflicts of the ruling houses, characteristic of the era of developed feudalism, divided Armenia and undermined its political integrity. This situation posed a real threat to the independence and confessional independence of the Armenian Church. Therefore, the Armenian Patriarch supported the efforts aimed at preserving the political unity of Armenia at any cost.
Argishti Vardanyan - Armenian-Caucasian Albanian alliance against Persian rule (In the middle of the V century)
17 Pages | 35-52 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-35 | Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History
Along with the imposition of the marzpan system (administrative unit) on the regional countries, the Persian royal court, from the middle of the 5th century, made an attempt to eradicate Christianity and establish Zoroastrianism in Armenia, Caucasian Albania and Virk. But, as expected, this caused a confrontation between the above mentioned countries, which culminated in an uprising. Trying to force them to submit to their will, the Persian army led by Sebukht captured Caucasian Albania in the early autumn of 450, but in October of the same year, Armenian army under the command of sparapet (supreme commander of the armed forces) Vardan Mamikonyan dealt a crushing blow to the numerically superior Persian army and liberated Caucasian Albania.
Vahan Baibourtian - Several issues shedding light on the history of Kurds and Kurdistan in the medieval period
11 Pages | 53-64 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-53 | Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History
The medieval period of the Kurdish people is relatively less studied. The main reason for this is the scarcity or almost complete absence of sources. The Arabic medieval sources referred to the history of kurds since the period of Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE). Earlier references, on this issue, have not come down to us, probably, due to their lack.
Among the medieval Armenian authors, Matteos Urhaetsi was the first to mention ethnic name “kurd” in his “Chronicle. In the future, beginning from the XII century, the ethnonym “kurd” was regularly used in the Armenian sources.
Ani Voskanyan - Extermination of Armenians and expropriation of their property in Adana Province in 1915
14 Pages | 65-79 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-65 | Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History
By the end of 1915, almost all Armenians of Western Armenia, Cilicia and other provinces (vilayets) of the Ottoman Empire had been deported. Both in Adana and other places, Turks continued expropriation of property, plunder, appropriation and destruction of cultural values of Armenians. Deportation, plunder and extermination of Armenians were carried out by the orders from the central government, with the strenuous efforts of the local provincial authorities as well as groups and organizations that had been formed for that purpose, also the common people being actively involved in these actions.
Gayane Makhmourian - The French policy in the Republic of Armenia and Transcaucasia in 1920 (in Eng.)
19 Pages | 80-99 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-80 | Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History
In 1920, the French policy implemented in the Republic of Armenia and in the whole of Transcaucasia was essentially different from the trends that had prevailed in 1919. Thus, in May of 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, the French Prime Minister G. Clemenceau vividly asserted political rights of his country in Cilicia and actively discussed the future shape of the Armenian-Turkish border with the head of the British cabinet D. Lloyd George as well as with US President W. Wilson. G. Clemenceau entered into temporary alliances and strived to resist British pressure linked to this matter. He expressed his displeasure with the British Army which was taking all decisions on the spot unilaterally.
Mariam Hovsepyan - Armenian newspapers of Constantinopole on “Nemesis” operation (1920–1922)
13 Pages | 100-113 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-100 | Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History
At the 9th General Meeting of the ARF - Dashnaktsutyun, held in Yerevan on September 27-October 30, 1919, a decision was made to conduct a punitive operation “Nemesis” against the organizers of the Armenian Genocide. These acts had a great public response, which was reflected on the pages of the Constantinople Armenian periodicals “Zhoghovurdy dzayn, Zhamanak”, “Verjin lur”, and “Chakatamart” in 1920-1922.
Vahe Sargsyan - Dynamics of the Armenian population of Georgia in 1959 – 2014 (According to the official census data)
13 Pages | 114-127 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-114 | Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History
After the Second World War, from 1959 to1989, the number of Armenians living in the entire territory of Georgia decreased from 442.9 thousand to 437.2 thousand people (decrease by 5.7 thousand). During the same period, the number of Azerbaijanis increased more than twice: from 153.6 thousand to 307.6 thousand people.
The number of Armenians in Georgia sharply declined in the post-Soviet period. According to the official census of Georgia in 1989 and 2002, the number of Armenians in Georgia decreased by 188,282 people in 13 years.
Albert Kharatyan -
17 Pages | 12-29 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-12 | Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History
Kristine Kostikyan - Christians in the Sheki region and the petition of the Islamized Armenian-Udins (IX–XIX centuries)
15 Pages | 30-45 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-30 | Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History
The Islamization of the Christians in the Sheki region was intensive from the very beginning of the XVIII century when the weakened Safavid Iran was not able to keep control over the region. There was no longer a force in the region capable to withstand the frequent raids of the North Caucasian tribes who treated the infidels with particular cruelty. The short periods of the Ottoman Empire dominance and Nadir Shah’s rule were also characterized by great destruction caused to the region.
Ararat Hakobyan - Historical assessment of the issue of joining Eastern Armenia to Russia in the Soviet Armenian historiograph
12 Pages | 46-58 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-46 | Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History
In the last two centuries, in Armenian historiography, the issue of joining Eastern Armenia to Russia, due to socio-political, ideological, and sometimes simply due to propaganda expediency, was assessed differently. This event was rated from the greatest good for the Armenian people to the least of evils, down to evil. Joining Eastern Armenia to Russia and the subsequent processes of its historical fate convince us that Russian rule was objectively progressive for Armenia and Armenians.
Gegham Hovhannisyan - National issues in the London periodical “New Life” (1898–1902)
12 Pages | 59-71 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-59 | Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History
One of the first periodicals of the Reorganized Hunchak Party, formed in 1896, was the “New Life” journal, which was published in London in 1898–1902. The issue of political education of the Armenian people was discussed on the pages of the periodical. The journal contributed to the development of the Armenian liberation movement and its effectiveness and addressed the most significant issues of the Armenian national life of the late XIX century. The issues covered on the pages of the journal were topical for Armenian reality of that historical period, especially those concerning the reassessment of the liberation movement, the role of the great European powers in the fate of the Armenian people, the importance of education and enlightenment in the national progress. The “New Life” periodical also revealed the negative phenomena in national life, rightly emphasizing that it is impossible to develop a true national policy without laying stress on them.
Mikael Martirosyan - The role of Grigor Zohrap in the conclusion of the Russian-German Agreement of 1913
20 Pages | 72-92 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-72 | Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History
Grigor Zohrap is one of the luminaries of the Western Armenian intelligentsia of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The concern for the plight of the Western Armenian people and the future of Armenia pushed him to social and political activities from a very young age. The high public reputation made it possible for Zohrap to be elected a deputy of the Young Turk Parliament for three times in a row, from 1908 to 1914. His political activity is a vivid example of serving his native people with unwavering dedication and political courage, which deserves admiration and gratitude.
Ruben Sahakyan - The Caucasus front of the First World War in the documents (critical remarks and analysis)
30 Pages | 93-123 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-93 | Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History
In 2020, a collection of documents ‘’The Caucasus Front of the First World War, 1914-1917’’ was published in Moscow. Executive editor A. N. Artizov, compilers - candidate of historical sciences B. B. Davidov, N. G. Zakharova, candidate of historical sciences I. V. Karpeyev, S. A. Kharitonov, candidate of historical sciences O. V. Chistyakov, E. E. Koloskova, candidate of historical sciences M. E. Malevinskaya, candidate of historical sciences D. G. Martirosyan, Yu. V. Basenko, candidate of historical sciences G. G. Avagyan, candidate of historical sciences S. S. Mirzoyan. The compliers of the collection did a significant research work, but when getting familiar with the published documents a number of questions come up, therefore we present some observations.
1. One of the gaps in the preface is the absence of the fact that the main initiator of the volunteer movement in the Caucasus was the Caucasian governorship, and also, that the persecuted members of the ARF Dashnaktsutyun Party were allowed to return and take part in the formation of squads.
Gayane Ghazaryan, Hamo Sukiasyan - Brewing in the Yerevan province (End of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century)
14 Pages | 124-138 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-124 | Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History
At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, breweries were opened one after another in the cities of Transcaucasia. Based on the newly discovered archival documents and official statistical data, it is shown that the most viable breweries in the Yerevan province were the factories of the Dzitoghtsyans and Tsaghikyans in Alexandropol and Avetyants in Yerevan. They were in operation until World War I and contributed to the revival of Armenian urban life. After the sovietization of Armenia in December 1920, the above mentioned factories were nationalized and put back into operation.
Ruben Sahakyan - Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan (A-Do)
24 Pages | 9-33 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-9 | Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / History
Public-political figure Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan, known under the pseudonym A-Do, was born on January 4, 1867 in Nor Bayazet town. Here he received his primary education. In 1881 he moved to Yerevan where he graduated from a diocesan school and later studied at the Kharkov University (1905), at the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute (1907). A-Do was an eyewitness to the Russian Revolution (1905-1907), the Armenian-Tartar clashes (1905-1906). He thoroughly studied the causes of the clashes and wrote a special work on the conflict ‒ “Armenian-Turkish clash of 1905-1906” (1907).
Suren Sargsyan - The heroic battle of Hachin: the causes of defeat and the question of responsibility
12 Pages | 34-46 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-34 | Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / History
After the Truce of Mudros (October 30, 1918), believing the promises of the French authorities, the Armenians of Cilicia who had escaped the Genocide returned to their places of residence and devoted themselves to the task of settling their homes. Taking advantage of the contradictions between the Great Powers, the Turkish rulers who basically remained in power mainly supported Kemal Pasha who carried out a coup in Turkey and began to rebuild the country, and as before, was in “Turkish way” engaged in the de-Armenization of the Armenian-populated Cilicia.
Henrik Khachatryan - The nakharar (princely) domаins of Armenian marzpanate (V-VI cc. AD) (in Russ.)
15 Pages | 47-62 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-47 | Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / History
In 428 AD, the Persian king Vram V Gor (420/421-438/439 AD), by the agreement of most of Armenian nakharars, abolished the Arsacid kingdom (66-428 AD) in Armenia. After that, up to the 630s AD, Armenia turns into a Persian border administrative unit – marzpanate. Armenia, although had the status of marzpanate, it still retained internal autonomy in the basis of the nakharar system. The Armenian princes-nakharars remained the hereditary landowners of their territories. The nakhararutyun (principality) was ruled by the nakharar, who was the hereditary landowner of his territory and the nahapet or tanuter of his clan.
In the Arshakuni and later in marzpanian Armenia, the lands were owned by three groups 1) the king (after 428 AD – the Sasanian king), 2) the church, 3) the nakharars. The principalities of the marzpanian period was quantitatively inferior to the royal one.
Ruben Sahakyan - Sargis Mehrabian (Khanasori Vardan)
26 Pages | 3-29 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-3 | Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History
A young man from Artsakh, Sargis Mehrabian, also known as Khanasori Vardan (Vardan of Khanasor) or simply Vardan, devoted himself to the Armenian Liberation Movement as early as 1890. Having received the baptism of fire in the campaign headed by Sargis Kukunian, he joined the Armenian Haiduk Movement.
From 1894 to 1896, he took part in the self-defense of Van-Vaspurakan and carried out work on organizing resistance groups in Armenian settlements. The Khanasor expedition of 1897 can be considered the apogee of Vardan’s Haiduk activity against the Kurdish Mazrykan tribe. Having returned to the Caucasus ‒ Baku, he started writing his memoirs, which cover the events through 1894 to 1896.
Ararat Hakobyan - Historiographical assessment by academician Ashot Ioannisyan on the issues of the Russian orientation of the Armenian people
16 Pages | 30-46 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-30 | Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History
Long-term scientific and research activity of the distinguished historian and preeminent party and government leader academician Ashot Ionnisyan (1887-1972), can be divided into two stages: pre-Soviet and Soviet. One of the important areas of his historical and scientific researches was the coverage of centuries old liberation struggle of the Armenian people that is summarized in his valuable monographs. For obvious reasons, the Soviet Armenian historiography gave an exaggerated assessment to the Russian orientation of the Armenian people, such as fateful, critical, turning point, etc. From the point of view of historical science, A. Ioannisyan's opinion and assessment put forward in his works of the pre-Soviet period appear to be more balanced and reasonable, particularly, on the issues of the Russian orientation of the Armenian people in connecttion with the activities of Israel Ori (1659-1711).
Anush Harutyunyan - Principles for determining nationality according to the First All-Union population census of 1926 (On the example of the Soviet Armenia)
14 Pages | 47-61 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-47 | Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History
The census is an important source of accurate information about the population of a state. The first All-Union census in the USSR was held in 1926. This census differed from both previous and subsequent censuses in the principles used to determine the national composition of the population guided solely by the principle of self-determination. As a result, 191 nationalities were registered throughout the USSR. However, difficulties have also arisen in registering some ethnic groups.
Vardan Alexanyan - Armenian church in the period of restoration of the internal autonomy of Armenia (First half of the 9th century)
22 Pages | 62-84 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-62 | Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History
In the VIII-IX centuries, feudal landownership, which constituted the economic basis of the Armenian Church, underwent structural changes. Newly built monasteries form their infrastructure and acquire large plots of land. In the context of interfaith disputes and attacks from Islam, the church strengthens its theoretical foundations and creates its own legislation. A clear definition of the ritual-religious and theological principles of the Armenian Church contributes to the development of awareness of national and religious identity.
Samvel Ramazyan - The Armenian-Hellenic relations and General Andranik (1912–1922)
32 Pages | 3-35 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-3 | Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History
Famous commander, General Andranik (Andranik Ozanyan, 1865–1927), throughout all his activity, stayed in touch with the Greek people and cooperated with Greece.
During the First Balkan War of 1912–1913 Andranik with the Armenian volunteer company of the Bulgarian Army participated in the liberation and defence of Greek settlements from Ottoman troops in Macedonia and Thrace and provided necessary support to the local Greek population.
Anushavan Zakaryan , Gayane Makhmourian - Letters by Mkrtich Khrimian, dated 30 May 1904, to the presidents of France the USA in the context of the reform programs for Western Armenia
20 Pages | 36-56 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-36 | Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History
An irreconcilable struggle was waged in 1878–1904, and particularly since 1895, between the block of Great Powers seeking to implement reforms in Western Armenia, that suffered under the yoke of the Ottoman Empire, and the longing of the Sublime Porte to abort these processes. England, France and Russia, notwithstanding all controversies and rivalries between them, elaborated joint programs to establish capitalist fundamentals in the Ottoman Empire.
Deacon Yeghishe Sargsyan - Ordination of the Catholicos and his consecration according to bibliographic information (IV–XII cc.)
15 Pages | 57-72 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-57 | Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History
References to the Catholicosic ordination and consecration can be found in the works of the chroniclers. Based on the bibliographic information that has come down to us, there is almost no detailed description of the ritual rules of ordination and consecration. The presence of episodes of the ordination of the Catholicos in bibliographic works and their content allow us to conclude that the ritual developed gradually. It went through periods of “embryonation”, “formation” or “establishment” from the 4th to the 12th centuries.
Avetis Harutyunyan - On the Issue of denial of the concept of “Rebellion” of Van in 1915
30 Pages | 3-33 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-3 | Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / History
One of the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Turkey was the province of Van, the center of which was the ancient Armenian city Van. In April of 1915, the Armenians organized self-defense in Van and in a number of other places to escape the Turkish massacres. The issue of self-defense of Van has both political and scientific significance, as it caused rupture in relations between the Armenian and Turkish peoples living in the Ottoman Empire and was one of the motives for the Armenian Genocide in 1915.
Henrik Khachatryan - The ecclesiastical diocesan division of Marzpan Armenia (428–630s)
16 Pages | 34-50 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-34 | Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / History
The Armenian Church, with its structure and functions, has been an inseparable part of the Armenian statehood. The study of its history, the diocesan structure, the history and status of individual dioceses, the relations between the state and the church, the church and the nobility (princes), as well as the church's interactions with foreign states in the absence of an independent state, provides us with a more accurate understanding of the processes. Indeed, the diocesan structure of the marzpanate period has been addressed in one way or another, but, in the whole, the research conducted in this area was either one-sided or incomplete.
Vahe Sargsyan - Coverage of Javakhk Armenians’ life on the pages of “Javakhk” montly newspaper (In the early 1990s)
21 Pages | 51-72 | Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / History
“Javakhk” newspaper, founded by the “Javakhk” people’s movement, was published in Akhalkalaki from 1990 to 1998. Although the newspaper was published with irregular periodicity and in limited circulation, it served as a platform for spreading new ideas in the social and political life of the Javakhk Armenians in the period of the collapse of the USSR and the first years of the independence of Georgia.
Ashot Sargsyan - On the issue of the bases for dating the “History of Armenia” by Agathangelos
21 Pages | 3-24 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-3 | Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / History
When determining the time of creation of medieval historiographical monu¬ments, the authors’ own evidence is of primary importance. On this basis, “History of Armenia” by Agathangelos, since the 5th century, has been traditionally considered the first Armenian historiographical work and was dated back to the 4th century. However, the evidence of historians sometimes does not correspond to the reality.
Mikayel Badalyan - Unknown script signs from the Urartian Tomb of Yerevan (in Eng.)
15 Pages | 25-40 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-25 | Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / History
The Urartian (Biainian) tomb of Yerevan is situated in the capital city of the Republic of Armenia, within the area now occupied by “Yerevan Mall”. Discovered in 1984 during construction activities, it has since been the subject of detailed archaeological investigation. Although several comprehensive studies have been devoted to the monument, none have addressed the engraved symbols found on one of the façade stones near the entrance and on two tuff fragments uncovered in close proximity to the façade.
Armen Karapetyan - Coverage of the Armenian volunteer movement in the “Horizon” newspaper (October 1914 – July 1916)
16 Pages | 41-57 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-41 | Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / History
The forerunner of the Armenian volunteer movement was the fedayeen movement, which arose in Western Armenia at the end of the 19th century as a stronghold of armed resistance against the Ottoman enslavers. The volunteer movement was the continuation of the national liberation struggle and was driven by the aspiration of the Armenians to liberate Western Armenia from Ottoman oppression. The formation of the movement was also supported by the favorable position of Tsarist Russia, the authorities of which encouraged it in every possible way.
Chake Mangassarian-Menkechian (Dubai) - The peculiarities of the current stage of development of the Armenian community in the UAE (in Eng.)
24 Pages | 58-82 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-58 | Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / History
The evolution of the Armenian community in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the early 21st century is characterized by distinct features influenced by both the state’s development and internal Armenian dynamics. This article delves into the key aspects of the community’s progress in the UAE, focusing on cultural preservation, Armenian media, community activities, migration patterns, and efforts to uphold Armenian heritage through institutions like churches and one-day and Sunday schools.
Ashot Sargsyan - National-Religious Context and the Political Purpose Behind the Creation of “History of Armenia” by Agathangelos
22 Pages | 3-25 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-3 | Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / History
At the turn of the fourth and fifth centuries, confronted with emerging threats, Armenian political thought formed a nationwide agenda for preserving the national statehood and spiritual authority recognizing the complete and final spread of Christianity and its transformation into the faith and core of Armenian identity as the means of solving this agenda.
Historians of the fifth century portray the spread of Christianity in Armenia as a deeply disconsolate situation, explaining it by the lack of the Armenian translation of the Bible. In reality, there were far more serious obstacles that historians do not mention.
Qnarik Avagyan - Integration Programs Implemented for Syrian–Armenian Children and Youth in Armenia (2012 – 2018) (in Eng.)
22 Pages | 26-48 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-26 | Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / History
During 2012–2018, the RA authorities, as a result of coordinated work with the Ministry of Diaspora (hereinafter: MD) and various international, Diaspora and local organizations, took care of and ensured the summer vacation of Armenian children who stayed in Armenia, as well as those who remained in Syria and experienced all the bitterness of war and the horrors of military clashes, in their native camps and rest homes, organized educational, rehabilitation and healing, New Year’s, cultural, festive, sports and other events, as well as organized excursions to the sights of Armenia and other programs.