Historical and philological journal
PUBLISHED SINCE 1958

ԼՈՒՅՍ Է ՏԵՍՆՈՒՄ 1958 ԹՎԱԿԱՆԻՑ
Историко-филологический журнал
ИЗДАЕТСЯ С 1958 ГОДА
  • Gayane Makhmourian - On the historical and political assessment of the Treaty of Moscow, dated march 16 (18) 1921 (in Eng.)
    24 Pages | 15-39 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-15 |

    Revceived on: 2023-12-14 | Reviewed on: 2024-03-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    Although officially dated 16 March 1921, the Treaty of Moscow signed by the Soviet Russia and Kemalist Turkey on 18 March 1921 exemplifies a highly politicized text which reflects the pragmatism and revolutionary zeal of the beneficiary parties. At the same time it completely ignores the funda¬mental norms of democracy and International Law. This document was concluded by the illegitimate Turkish side as evidenced by the fact that the Ottoman Empire was at that time officially ruled by the Sultan with his Cabinet in Constantinople as well as by the fact that the Kemalists referred to the National Pact (adopted by the Ottoman metropolitan Parliament on 28 January 1920) in the Article I of the Treaty of Moscow. The Kemalists emphasized this way their collaboration with the official authorities and a range of other circumstances.

    Keywords Treaty of Moscow 1921 Republic of Armenia RSFSR Kemalist Turkey Region of Kars Surmalu Nakhijevan Artsakh (Mountainous Karabakh) Azerbaijan Georgia.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Dynamics of the Armenian population of Javakhk from 1959 to 2014 (according to the official census data)
    11 Pages | 88-99 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-88 |

    Revceived on: 2023-08-25 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-08 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    More than half of the Armenians living in Georgia inhabit in Javakhk (currently administratively divided into Samtskhe–Javakhk Province and Tsalka District of Kvemo Kartli Province). The administrative territorial redistributions, that took place in the Soviet Georgia after the Second World War, as well as large and small demographic shifts, that happened during the war and in after years, had a serious impact on both the administrative divisions and the demographic picture of the heavily Armenian-populated southern regions of the Georgian SSR. The Georgian (Cartvelian) element came to replace the Muslim element (Turk–Meskhetians) who were massively moved from the mentioned territories.

    KeywordsGeorgia Javakhk Georgians Armenians population national composition census official data dynamics.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Visa regime in Russian-Georgian Relations and its effects on the Armenians living in Georgia (2000–2023)
    17 Pages | 37-54 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-37 |

    Revceived on: 2024-07-23 | Reviewed on: 2024-10-18 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History

    The visa regime, established in 2000–2023, is an integral part of Georgian-Russian post-Soviet relations, a unique litmus test that shows the level of relations between the two countries at this stage. The established visa regime, confirmed by the administration of E. Shevardnadze in 2000 and strengthened during the years of the pro-Western and pro-Turkish rule of M. Saakashvili, caused a great damage to Russian-Georgian interstate relations, trade and economic ties, as well as to spiritual, cultural, and humanitarian contacts, mutually hindering visits of the citizens to these countries and in some periods creating insurmountable obstacles.

    KeywordsRussia Georgia visa regime Russian-Georgian relations Embassy of Switzerland interests of Georgia Russian Federation Republic of Armenia Armenians living in Georgia Prague negotiations.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Dynamics of the Armenian population of Georgia in 1959 – 2014 (According to the official census data)
    13 Pages | 114-127 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-114 |

    Revceived on: 2023-03-15 | Reviewed on: 2023-04-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    After the Second World War, from 1959 to1989, the number of Armenians living in the entire territory of Georgia decreased from 442.9 thousand to 437.2 thousand people (decrease by 5.7 thousand). During the same period, the number of Azerbaijanis increased more than twice: from 153.6 thousand to 307.6 thousand people. The number of Armenians in Georgia sharply declined in the post-Soviet period. According to the official census of Georgia in 1989 and 2002, the number of Armenians in Georgia decreased by 188,282 people in 13 years.

    KeywordsGeorgia Abkhazia South Ossetia Armenians census official statistics dynamics assimilation.

  • Lilit Dallakyan - Comparative characteristics of South Caucasian ethno-political conflicts (1990–2020) (in Eng.)
    10 Pages | 291-301 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-291 |

    Revceived on: 2023-09-12 | Reviewed on: 2023-11-17 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Discussions

    The collapse of the Soviet Union, which had a huge geopolitical significance in recent history, was a stimulus for the outbreak of frozen ethno-political conflicts in its territory, including in the South Caucasus. The “awakening” of the inherited from the USSR and previously hidden conflicts coincided chronologically with the period of Gorbachev's reconstruction and heated up to the maximum after the collapse of the Soviet Union and after the declaration of independence of three new states in the South Caucasus: Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the framework of the formation of the modern world order, the world power centers, in particular the Russian Federation and the USA, and the states with a regional role, were actively involved in the multi-layered vortex of the problems of Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and naturally, pursuing their interests, they turned the processes of conflict settlement into important tool for managing the situation.

    Keywords: South Caucasian ethno-political conflicts Nagorno-Karabakh-Artsakh South Ossetia Abkhazia right of self-determination of nations Georgian-Abkhazian Georgian-South Ossetian Russian-Georgian military operations chauvinism policy peacekeeping forces international law.

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  • Vahan Melikyan - Interstate territorial and border disputes after the declaration of independence of the Transcaucasian Republics (June–July1918)
    29 Pages | 77-106 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-77 |

    Revceived on: 2021-07-06 | Reviewed on: 2021-07-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-01-24

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    The Batumi Treaty, so far the only international political act recognizing the independence of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia thereby accepting the territories and conditional borders of independent republics, still could not prevent the presence of the military troops of Ottoman Turkey and Germany in the region and, in particular, in Armenia until the end of July 1918. This was evidenced by newly discovered archival documents. From a geographic point of view, the configuration of the new borders was artificial and revealed the aggressive plans of Turkey, in particular, the plan to seize Baku.

    KeywordsArmenia Georgia Azerbaijan Germany Ottoman Empire O․ von Lossov N․ Jordania Vehib Pasha T. Nazarbekyan Aram Manukyan Kh․ Karchikyan Lori Borchalu Akhalkalaki Karabakh.

  • Vahe Sargsyan - The last Artsakh war, Georgia, new transit projects and the end of the RA blockade process
    16 Pages | 47-63 |

    Revceived on: 2021-03-11 | Reviewed on: 2021-03-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-03-30

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    Throughout the Artsakh war, which lasted from September 27 to November 9, 2020, Georgian official circles made statements about maintaining neutrality. The reliable tidings that not only Turkish and Israeli military equipment, but also terrorist groups from Syria were being transported to Azerbaijan through Georgian airspace were also denied. Nevertheless, various platforms persistently talked about the continuity of the transportation of military equipment to Azerbaijan by cargo planes of the Azerbaijani “Silk Way West Airlines” company, which is authorized to transport military cargo (which Georgian officials called “humanitarian” or “civilian” flights).

    KeywordsGeorgia Artsakh war neutrality airspace cargo planes tripartite declaration unblocking of transport communications Kars-Igdir-Nakhichevan railway blockade Turkish-Azerbaijani great-power interests.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - The legislative regulation of the legal status of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Georgian Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in post-Soviet Georgia
    15 Pages | 134-149 |

    Revceived on: 2021-06-07 | Reviewed on: 2021-06-14 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-24

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    Since independence, Georgia has not adopted a law regulating the field of religious organizations and defining their rights and obligations (“Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations”). The relations between the latter and the state are regulated by a constitutional agreement approved by the Parliament as of October 22, 2002.

    KeywordsGeorgia religious organizations Georgian Orthodox Church legal status constitutional agreement Civil Code legal entity under public law Armenian Apostolic Church Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in Georgia property rights churches.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - The issue of the affiliation of Armenian churches in the Georgian press (the 1st decade of the 21st century)
    30 Pages | 72-102 | DOI: Doi.10.52853/01350536-2021.3-72 |

    Revceived on: 2021-09-21 | Reviewed on: 2021-11-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-11-22

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Articles, reports

    The religious organizations operating in Georgia (including the Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church of Georgia) throughout the post-Soviet period demanded the adoption of a law on religious organizations and the return of property confiscated during the Soviet era, historical and architectural monuments, land, etc. These demands, however, have always been confronted with the rigid and denialist positions of the Georgian secular and spiritual authorities, as well as the socio-political and scientific circles.

    KeywordsGeorgia Georgian Orthodox Church Tbilisi Armenian Apostolic Church Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in Georgia churches Javakhk Lori Gugark Tayk orthodox Armenians Georgian socio-political and scientific circles press.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Coverage of Javakhk Armenians’ life on the pages of “Javakhk” montly newspaper (In the early 1990s)
    21 Pages | 51-72 |

    Revceived on: 2025-05-15 | Reviewed on: 2025-06-24 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / History

    “Javakhk” newspaper, founded by the “Javakhk” people’s movement, was published in Akhalkalaki from 1990 to 1998. Although the newspaper was published with irregular periodicity and in limited circulation, it served as a platform for spreading new ideas in the social and political life of the Javakhk Armenians in the period of the collapse of the USSR and the first years of the independence of Georgia.

    KeywordsCollapse of the USSR Georgia Javakhk Armenians “Javakhk” people’s movement “Javakhk” monthly newspaper support for Artsakh.

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