Historical and philological journal
PUBLISHED SINCE 1958

ԼՈՒՅՍ Է ՏԵՍՆՈՒՄ 1958 ԹՎԱԿԱՆԻՑ
Историко-филологический журнал
ИЗДАЕТСЯ С 1958 ГОДА
  • Anahit Astoyan - The economic activity of the armenians of constantinople (End of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century) (in Eng.)
    22 Pages | 5-27 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-3 |

    Revceived on: 2023-10-12 | Reviewed on: 2024-03-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / History

    For centuries, the ruling element in the Ottoman Empire, the Turks, were engaged only in the administration of the country, leaving the economic field to the Christians of the country. Armenians, Greeks and other subject nations of the empire worked for centuries to keep the country’s economy prosperous1. After the Crimean war of 1853–1856, when the Ottoman Empire began to strengthen its relations with Europe and modernize its economy, Armenians were ready to play an important role between the empire and Europe. Armenian merchants knew European languages and the newest methods of European trade. That is why they were able to become mediators of Turkish–European trade and occupy an influential position in Turkish–European trade.

    KeywordsConstantinople Ottoman Empire the Armenians of Constantinople Greeks periodic press trading company import export khan workshop factory

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  • Vahan Melikyan - The Persian Armenians during the February Revolution of Russia in 1917
    16 Pages | 39-55 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-39 |

    Revceived on: 2024-05-08 | Reviewed on: 2024-05-28 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / History

    The fall of the autocracy in Russia in February 1917 was the reason for significant military and political, social and economic changes in Persia and changes in the life of the Persian Armenians. In the context of the ongoing World War in Persia, the status of military and political, economic and financial control of Russia, England, Germany and the Ottoman Empire continued to dominate, and the threat of loss of the country's sovereignty was obvious. All these processes influenced all sectors of the life of Persian Armenians, in particular, social-economic and social-political.

    KeywordsPersia Persian Armenians February Revolution Tehran Tabriz Hamadan Qazvin Russia Britain Atropatene Tumanyan brothers

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Dynamics of the Armenian population of Javakhk from 1959 to 2014 (according to the official census data)
    11 Pages | 88-99 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-88 |

    Revceived on: 2023-08-25 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-08 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    More than half of the Armenians living in Georgia inhabit in Javakhk (currently administratively divided into Samtskhe–Javakhk Province and Tsalka District of Kvemo Kartli Province). The administrative territorial redistributions, that took place in the Soviet Georgia after the Second World War, as well as large and small demographic shifts, that happened during the war and in after years, had a serious impact on both the administrative divisions and the demographic picture of the heavily Armenian-populated southern regions of the Georgian SSR. The Georgian (Cartvelian) element came to replace the Muslim element (Turk–Meskhetians) who were massively moved from the mentioned territories.

    KeywordsGeorgia Javakhk Georgians Armenians population national composition census official data dynamics.

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  • Silvart Malhasyan (Istanbul) - Assistance of the Armenians of Constantinople to the First Republic of Armenia and Soviet Armenia (1919–1920)
    15 Pages | 21-36 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-21 |

    Revceived on: 2024-03-13 | Reviewed on: 2024-03-07 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History

    From the very first days, the Armenians of Constantinople welcomed the proclamation of the First Republic of Armenia in May 1918, but could not openly express their feelings. After the official recognition of the Armenian Republic by the Paris Peace Conference on January 19, 1920, they showed their enthusiasm much more freely and began to participate in helping their Motherland. The assistance to Armenia was organized by the religious leaders of three churches headed by the Armenian Patriarchate of Turkey. Various cultural events were held.

    Keywordsthe Armenians of Constantinople First Republic of Armenia Soviet Armenia periodicals Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople government loan bond.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Visa regime in Russian-Georgian Relations and its effects on the Armenians living in Georgia (2000–2023)
    17 Pages | 37-54 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-37 |

    Revceived on: 2024-07-23 | Reviewed on: 2024-10-18 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History

    The visa regime, established in 2000–2023, is an integral part of Georgian-Russian post-Soviet relations, a unique litmus test that shows the level of relations between the two countries at this stage. The established visa regime, confirmed by the administration of E. Shevardnadze in 2000 and strengthened during the years of the pro-Western and pro-Turkish rule of M. Saakashvili, caused a great damage to Russian-Georgian interstate relations, trade and economic ties, as well as to spiritual, cultural, and humanitarian contacts, mutually hindering visits of the citizens to these countries and in some periods creating insurmountable obstacles.

    KeywordsRussia Georgia visa regime Russian-Georgian relations Embassy of Switzerland interests of Georgia Russian Federation Republic of Armenia Armenians living in Georgia Prague negotiations.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Dynamics of the Armenian population of Georgia in 1959 – 2014 (According to the official census data)
    13 Pages | 114-127 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-114 |

    Revceived on: 2023-03-15 | Reviewed on: 2023-04-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    After the Second World War, from 1959 to1989, the number of Armenians living in the entire territory of Georgia decreased from 442.9 thousand to 437.2 thousand people (decrease by 5.7 thousand). During the same period, the number of Azerbaijanis increased more than twice: from 153.6 thousand to 307.6 thousand people. The number of Armenians in Georgia sharply declined in the post-Soviet period. According to the official census of Georgia in 1989 and 2002, the number of Armenians in Georgia decreased by 188,282 people in 13 years.

    KeywordsGeorgia Abkhazia South Ossetia Armenians census official statistics dynamics assimilation.

  • Areg Vardanyan - The “Armenian-Byzantine Apocalypse” in the context of Byzantine and Armenian eschatological traditions
    18 Pages | 255-273 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-255 |

    Revceived on: 2023-04-10 | Reviewed on: 2023-04-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / Discussions

    Among the Armenian texts of the “Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, there exists a very “apocryphal” version. This text, as shown by philosophical analysis, is a separate work of an apocalyptic/eschatological nature. The existence of references to the events of the Byzantine history of the period from 1130 to 1210 and many common motives with Byzantine apocrypha of Daniel, “Oracles of Leo the Wise” and “History” of Choniates, point to the Byzantine origin of this text. On the other hand, the “pro-Latin” position of the author, more characteristic of the Armenian book writing of the XII-XIII centuries, indicates to the connection of the text to the Armenians of Byzantium.

    KeywordsArmenian eschatology Byzantine eschatology Komnenoi Armenian-Byzantine written tradition Vision of Daniel Pseudo-Methodius Armenians in Byzantium The Fourth Crusade Niketas Choniates The Image of the Other.

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  • Gegham Hovhannisyan - Armenian national-political issues in “Yeritasard Hayastan” periodical (1908–1914)
    19 Pages | 79-98 |

    Revceived on: 2020-09-11 | Reviewed on: 2020-09-17 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-01-29

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    The main issue of the Armenian national-political life in the early 20th century towards which the efforts of Armenian national parties were directed was the liberation of the Western Armenians from the Turkish yoke. After the Young Turkish coup in 1908 and the adoption of the Constitution in the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian political forces faced a new task – choosing ways of further actions to protect the rights of the Armenian people. The policy of the Young Turkish government, as well as many issues of the Armenian national-political life, were widely discussed in the pages of “Yeritasard Hayastan” (“Young Armenia”) periodical of the Hnchak Social Democratic Party which was the main party organ in the United States.

    Keywords“Yeritasard Hayastan” Stepan Sapah-Gulian Western Armenians Turkey tyranny liberation struggle socialism revolutionary movement.

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  • Gayane Makhmourian - Tragedy of Shushi on March 23–26, 1920, as exposed in domestic and foreign historiography (in Russ.)
    21 Pages | 112-133 |

    Revceived on: 2021-03-31 | Reviewed on: 2021-04-07 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-07

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    On March 23, 1920, Turkish-Azerbaijani troops with the Moslem dwellers profited of the preemptive strike, undertook by the small detachment under plenipotentiary of the ARFD Bureau Arsen Mikayelian, and fulfilled a massacre of the Shushi Armenians with a burning the city down. This events are testified in the memoirs of the witnesses together with great amount of archival material. The total destruction of Shushi is elucidated by historians of the Republic of Armenia, as well as by Diaspora and foreign specialists.

    Keywords Shushi March 23–26 1920 Mountainous Karabakh Artsakh 8th Congress of Karabakh Armenians self-defense insurrection preemptive strike historiography.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - The issue of the affiliation of Armenian churches in the Georgian press (the 1st decade of the 21st century)
    30 Pages | 72-102 | DOI: Doi.10.52853/01350536-2021.3-72 |

    Revceived on: 2021-09-21 | Reviewed on: 2021-11-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-11-22

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Articles, reports

    The religious organizations operating in Georgia (including the Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church of Georgia) throughout the post-Soviet period demanded the adoption of a law on religious organizations and the return of property confiscated during the Soviet era, historical and architectural monuments, land, etc. These demands, however, have always been confronted with the rigid and denialist positions of the Georgian secular and spiritual authorities, as well as the socio-political and scientific circles.

    KeywordsGeorgia Georgian Orthodox Church Tbilisi Armenian Apostolic Church Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in Georgia churches Javakhk Lori Gugark Tayk orthodox Armenians Georgian socio-political and scientific circles press.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Coverage of Javakhk Armenians’ life on the pages of “Javakhk” montly newspaper (In the early 1990s)
    21 Pages | 51-72 |

    Revceived on: 2025-05-15 | Reviewed on: 2025-06-24 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / History

    “Javakhk” newspaper, founded by the “Javakhk” people’s movement, was published in Akhalkalaki from 1990 to 1998. Although the newspaper was published with irregular periodicity and in limited circulation, it served as a platform for spreading new ideas in the social and political life of the Javakhk Armenians in the period of the collapse of the USSR and the first years of the independence of Georgia.

    KeywordsCollapse of the USSR Georgia Javakhk Armenians “Javakhk” people’s movement “Javakhk” monthly newspaper support for Artsakh.

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