Lernik Hakobyan - Daniel Varoujan: Proponent of liberty

25 Pages | 56-81 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-56 |

Revceived on: 2024-04-29 | Reviewed on: 2024-06-03 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Literary studies

140 years have passed since the birth of Daniel Varoujan – one of the most eminent representatives of the Western Armenian literature. D. Varoujan was born on April 20, 1884, in the village of Prgnik, Sebastia vilayet. First, he studied at a village school, then in Constantinople, Venice and at Ghent University in Belgium. After receiving his education, he was engaged in teaching activities.

KeywordsD. Varoujan Western Armenian literature “Shivers” “The Heart of the Race” “Pagan Songs” “The Song of the Bread” national liberation struggle.

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Ashot Manucharyan - Episcopal diocese of Vanand (IV–VIII centuries)

9 Pages | 40-49 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-40 |

Revceived on: 2023-04-20 | Reviewed on: 2023-05-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

Abstract / Keywords

The episcopacy of Vanand was one of the ancient 12/13 dioceses of Armenia, which were confirmed by St. Gregory the Illuminator at the beginning of the 4th century. Some time later, with the second diocesan branch of St. Gregory the Illuminator, it became the 15th among the 30 (36) major dioceses of Armenia, occupying a central place. The episcopacy of Vanand played a decisive role in the national church affairs of the country in the early Middle Ages.

Keywordsepiscopacy diocese Vanand ancient main central place Middle Ages national church Catholicos.

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Vahe Sargsyan - Dynamics of the Armenian population of Javakhk from 1959 to 2014 (according to the official census data)

11 Pages | 88-99 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-88 |

Revceived on: 2023-08-25 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-08 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

Abstract / Keywords

More than half of the Armenians living in Georgia inhabit in Javakhk (currently administratively divided into Samtskhe–Javakhk Province and Tsalka District of Kvemo Kartli Province). The administrative territorial redistributions, that took place in the Soviet Georgia after the Second World War, as well as large and small demographic shifts, that happened during the war and in after years, had a serious impact on both the administrative divisions and the demographic picture of the heavily Armenian-populated southern regions of the Georgian SSR. The Georgian (Cartvelian) element came to replace the Muslim element (Turk–Meskhetians) who were massively moved from the mentioned territories.

KeywordsGeorgia Javakhk Georgians Armenians population national composition census official data dynamics.

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Lilit Hovhannisyan - Stages of diplomatic discussions of the Armenian question in 1878–1923 according to the assessment of Armenian historical science (1991–2023)

30 Pages | 100-130 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-100 |

Revceived on: 2024-01-17 | Reviewed on: 2024-01-31 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

Abstract / Keywords

During the 32 years of independence of the Republic of Armenia, Armenian historians have done valuable work in the direction of analyzing and evaluating both the collective obligations of the Great powers, their content and the Middle Eastern interests of each of the powers, their interstate conflicts on the issue of Western Armenia. In this context, the main stages of the diplomatic content of the Armenian question, from the reforms of Western Armenia to autonomy, then to independence, and then to the protection of the rights of the Armenian national minority in Turkey, were revealed.

Keywords Armenian question Republic of Armenia historical science Western Armenia reforms autonomy independence self-determination peace treaty secret agreements.

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Hrachya Baloyan - Words related to nationality and national in the language of journalism of the Armenian press (early 1990s)

12 Pages | 189-201 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-189 |

Revceived on: 2024-01-21 | Reviewed on: 2024-02-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Linguistics

Abstract / Keywords

There are numerous newly formed words related to nationality and national in the language of journalism of the Armenian press for the period from 1991 to 1993. Among the words related to nationality and national, the words consisting of the component ազգ (nation) dominate. Among the latter, there are adjectives that are composed of nation + simple noun pattern, where the noun endings express a participial meaning. Some words are formed in the pattern nation + verbal noun (with the suffix -ում (the same as -tion in English)). A number of words were formed in the pattern nation + noun (with the suffix –ություն (the same as -ity in English). We also have newly formed words composed of ազգ (nation) + adjective pattern. We have encountered only one verb with the component ազգ (nation). Some words of another kind were also composed with the suffix – ություն (the same as -ity in English). There are three words formed by the component էթն(ոս) (ethnos (ethnicity)).

KeywordsArmenian press nation national newly formed words meaning Armenian (language) Armenian (nation) Russian.

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Mher Navoyan - The views of Khachatur Abovyan on national music issues

13 Pages | 202-215 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-202 |

Revceived on: 2024-01-19 | Reviewed on: 2024-01-21 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Arts

Abstract / Keywords

The views of the founder of the Eastern Armenian literary language Khachatur Abovyan about music are based on the ideas of Armenian national identity. Two of his articles, "Armenian Church and Folk Music", as well as an article addressed to the Imperial Russian Academy that has not been preserved to this day, pursued a specific and cognitive goal to identify the characteristic features of the identity of the Armenian people and introduce them to the outside world. In the history of Armenian music, these articles marked the beginning of the formation of a national worldview, the ideological foundations of which were formed under the influence of German Romanticism, and the culmination of which was the formation of the Armenian national school of composers.

KeywordsKhachatur Abovyan Johann Benjamin Gross German Romanticism sacred song traditional musical and poetic art art of ashughs national school of composers khaz Sharakan.

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Ani Voskanyan - Extermination of Armenians and expropriation of their property in Adana Province in 1915

14 Pages | 65-79 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-65 |

Revceived on: 2023-05-11 | Reviewed on: 2023-02-24 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

Abstract / Keywords

By the end of 1915, almost all Armenians of Western Armenia, Cilicia and other provinces (vilayets) of the Ottoman Empire had been deported. Both in Adana and other places, Turks continued expropriation of property, plunder, appropriation and destruction of cultural values of Armenians. Deportation, plunder and extermination of Armenians were carried out by the orders from the central government, with the strenuous efforts of the local provincial authorities as well as groups and organizations that had been formed for that purpose, also the common people being actively involved in these actions.

KeywordsArmenian Genocide Ottoman Empire Cilicia Adana Province Ottoman authorities Young Turk government private and national property deportation extermination confiscation.

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Gayane Chopuryan - Phonetic changes of diphthongs and triphthongs in the Armenian epigraphic inscriptions (12–16th centuries)

14 Pages | 203-217 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-203 |

Revceived on: 2023-06-09 | Reviewed on: 2023-07-03 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Linguistics

Abstract / Keywords

The study of the transformations that diphthongs and triphthongs underwent in epigraphic inscriptions of the 12–16th centuries allows us to conclude that some cases of phonetic changes are widespread and characteristic of almost all the dialects and accents whereas the other part is limited not only chronologically, but also in terms of manifestation and functioning of phonetic changes. These changes from the point of view of the primary usage of some linguistic realities or new interpretation of existing phenomena are novation for the Middle Armenian language.

Keywordsepigraphy Old Armenian Middle Armenian dialect simplification of a diphthong triphthongs diphthongization simplification phonetic combination.

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Lilit Dallakyan - Comparative characteristics of South Caucasian ethno-political conflicts (1990–2020) (in Eng.)

10 Pages | 291-301 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-291 |

Revceived on: 2023-09-12 | Reviewed on: 2023-11-17 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Discussions

Abstract / Keywords

The collapse of the Soviet Union, which had a huge geopolitical significance in recent history, was a stimulus for the outbreak of frozen ethno-political conflicts in its territory, including in the South Caucasus. The “awakening” of the inherited from the USSR and previously hidden conflicts coincided chronologically with the period of Gorbachev's reconstruction and heated up to the maximum after the collapse of the Soviet Union and after the declaration of independence of three new states in the South Caucasus: Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the framework of the formation of the modern world order, the world power centers, in particular the Russian Federation and the USA, and the states with a regional role, were actively involved in the multi-layered vortex of the problems of Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and naturally, pursuing their interests, they turned the processes of conflict settlement into important tool for managing the situation.

Keywords: South Caucasian ethno-political conflicts Nagorno-Karabakh-Artsakh South Ossetia Abkhazia right of self-determination of nations Georgian-Abkhazian Georgian-South Ossetian Russian-Georgian military operations chauvinism policy peacekeeping forces international law.

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Mikael Martirosyan - Great national figure and philanthropist: Poghos Nubar Pasha

22 Pages | 3-25 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-3 |

Revceived on: 2021-12-06 | Reviewed on: 2021-12-21 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-03-07

Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

Abstract / Keywords

Among the Armenian national, public and political figures of the early 20th century, Poghos Nubar Pasha stands out with his patriotic activities. He was born in 1851 in Constantinople. As the son of Egyptian Prime Minister Nubar Pasha, he received a European education and began his career in France, later continuing his labour activities in Egypt. Poghos Nubar Pasha played a significant role in the national life of the Armenians of Egypt. He was the founder and lifetime honorary president of the General Armenian Benevolent Union. In 1912, the Catholicos of all Armenians, Gevorg the Fifth, appointed him head of the Armenian National Delegation in Europe.

KeywordsPoghos Nubar Pasha Gevorg the Fifth Patriarchate of Constantinople Armenian National Delegation Armenian reforms Russian-Turkish agreement Treaty of Sevres AGBU great philanthropist national figure Marie Nubar.

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Vachagan Avagyan - An overview of Archag Tchobanian’s life and activity

25 Pages | 63-88 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-63 |

Revceived on: 2022-05-26 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-01

Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Literature

Abstract / Keywords

Writer, editor-publicist, philologist, translator and public figure Archag Tchobanian (1872-1954) is one of the prominent representatives of Armenian culture. He had written since the early years, publishing his own or translated works in various Western-Armenian periodicals. In 1895 he edited the “Dzaghig” semi-monthly newspaper. In the same year, avoiding persecutions by the Turkish authorities, he moved to Paris, where he published the literary and artistic magazine “Anahit”. He composed in all literary genres. His works are characterized by the desire to overcome the one-sidedness of romantic poetry, to express the living features of reality.

KeywordsArchag Tchobanian biography Paris “Anahit” editor writer art literary critic translator politics national liberation struggle Armenian issue patriotism.

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Anush Harutyunyan - Principles for determining nationality according to the First All-Union population census of 1926 (On the example of the Soviet Armenia)

14 Pages | 47-61 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-47 |

Revceived on: 2022-06-21 | Reviewed on: 2022-09-03 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History

Abstract / Keywords

The census is an important source of accurate information about the population of a state. The first All-Union census in the USSR was held in 1926. This census differed from both previous and subsequent censuses in the principles used to determine the national composition of the population guided solely by the principle of self-determination. As a result, 191 nationalities were registered throughout the USSR. However, difficulties have also arisen in registering some ethnic groups.

KeywordsAll-Union census main nationalities determination of ethnic identity the Persians the Karapapakhs the Turks the Azerbaijani Central Statistical Office Agbaba Zangezur.

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Lilit Hovhannisyan - The Russian–Turkish cooperation and the Moscow Treaty as of March 16, 1921, according to the assessment of the Armenian historical science (1991–2020)

26 Pages | 20-46 |

Revceived on: 2021-03-14 | Reviewed on: 2021-04-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-04-08

Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

Abstract / Keywords

At present, the Armenian-Turkish state border is regulated by the Russian-Turkish “Treaty of friendship and brotherhood” signed on March 16, 1921 in Moscow. If in the Soviet Armenian historical science it was evaluated from the perspective of the political and ideological interests of the Soviet state, then the conclusions of the scientists of the Armenian Diaspora were and remain based on the national and state interests of the Armenians.

KeywordsSoviet Russia Kemalist Turkey National covenant Russian–Turkish negotiations Moscow Treaty Armenian Question Western Armenia Kars province Surmalu district Nakhichevan Alexandropol.

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Armen Asryan - The anti-Armenian politics of Great Britain in the Karabakh issue (1918–1920) and contemporary situation

23 Pages | 88-111 |

Revceived on: 2021-03-23 | Reviewed on: 2021-04-20 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-17

Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

Abstract / Keywords

The Armenian people were hopeful that after the capitulation of Turkey in the First World War (WWI) and the dislocation of the Allies troops in Transcaucasia, territories of Western Armenia and Transcaucasia would be included within the First Republic of Armenia. However, the Armenian people experienced another disappointment. In 1918–1920, Great Britain, who had gained dominance in Transcaucasia, ignoring the promises given to the Armenians during the war and their particular contribution to the victory of the Allies, adopted anti-Armenian attitude towards the Karabakh conflict.asryan.arm@gmail.com

KeywordsTranscaucasia Great Britain Karabakh Azerbaijan National Council occupational Republic of Armenia self-determination legal Arme¬nian people interest struggle region politics.

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Deacon Yeghishe Sargsyan - Ordination of the Catholicos and his consecration according to bibliographic information (IV–XII cc.)

15 Pages | 57-72 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-57 |

Revceived on: 2025-01-18 | Reviewed on: 2024-08-15 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History

Abstract / Keywords

References to the Catholicosic ordination and consecration can be found in the works of the chroniclers. Based on the bibliographic information that has come down to us, there is almost no detailed description of the ritual rules of ordination and consecration. The presence of episodes of the ordination of the Catholicos in bibliographic works and their content allow us to conclude that the ritual developed gradually. It went through periods of “embryonation”, “formation” or “establishment” from the 4th to the 12th centuries.

KeywordsCatholicos ordination consecration cheirothesia bibliographic information historians periods.

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Heriknaz Vorskanyan - Prominent Armenologist Manuk Abeghyan at the origins of the Academic Science

27 Pages | 73-100 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-73 |

Revceived on: 2025-04-18 | Reviewed on: 2025-05-22 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / Literary studies

Abstract / Keywords

One of the outstanding representatives of the Armenian philology is Manuk Abeghyan (1885–1944), Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Social Sciences, Honored Scientist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia. M. Abeghyan's research works were of fundamental importance in several branches of Armenology, i.e. philology, literary studies, linguistics. He laid the foundation for the scientific study of prosody.

KeywordsManuk Abeghyan pedagogue national-public figure Armenologist orthographic reforms prosody theory methodology.

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Gor Abrahamyan - The first Republic of Armenia and the issue of the loss of independence in the publicistic writings of Vahan Tekeyan (1918–1922)

20 Pages | 137-157 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-137 |

Revceived on: 2025-04-30 | Reviewed on: 2025-05-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-01-17

Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / Literary studies

Abstract / Keywords

The perception and interpretation of the First Republic of Armenia in the publicistic writings of Vahan Tekeyan (1878–1945), an outstanding Western Armenian and later Diaspora writer, publicist, socio-political figure, and a prominent representative of the Armenian liberal-democratic political movement, are examined in the context of the Armenian Question, the restoration of national statehood, and subsequently the loss of sovereignty.

KeywordsVahan Tekeyan publicistic writings the First Republic of Armenia Armenian Question Diaspora national identity Western Armenia

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Ashot Sargsyan - National-Religious Context and the Political Purpose Behind the Creation of “History of Armenia” by Agathangelos

22 Pages | 3-25 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-3 |

Revceived on: 2025-12-20 | Reviewed on: 2026-02-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / History

Abstract / Keywords

At the turn of the fourth and fifth centuries, confronted with emerging threats, Armenian political thought formed a nationwide agenda for preserving the national statehood and spiritual authority recognizing the complete and final spread of Christianity and its transformation into the faith and core of Armenian identity as the means of solving this agenda. Historians of the fifth century portray the spread of Christianity in Armenia as a deeply disconsolate situation, explaining it by the lack of the Armenian translation of the Bible. In reality, there were far more serious obstacles that historians do not mention.

KeywordsAgathangelos “History of Armenia” political agenda religious situation national identity military estate ecclesiastical authority Bible translation.

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