Garegin Tumanyan - New interpretation of cultural belonging and dating of a group of ancient sepulchres in Armenia

13 Pages | 150-163 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-150 |

Revceived on: 2024-05-15 | Reviewed on: 2024-06-28 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Archaeology

From the discussion of the issues related to cultural belonging and dating of a number of sepulchres attributed to Early Iron Age of Armenia, one could conclude that these issues need urgent solution. The widespread practice of looking for parallels of separate items when dating sepulchral complex is unpromising. In the best scenario, this approach can enable to identify the time interval of the formation of the given sepulchral complex, but cannot reveal its cultural belonging.

Keywordssepulchre Cimmerian Early Iron Age culture parallels simultaneous dating warrior rider related material bit.

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Ruben Karapetyan - Intensification of geopolitical struggle in the South Caucasus in the context of formation of the New Middle East after the Artsakh war in 2020 (in Russ.)

9 Pages | 222-231 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-222 |

Revceived on: 2024-10-16 | Reviewed on: 2024-10-31 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / Discussions

Abstract / Keywords

The South Caucasus region historically has always been connected with the Middle East and throughout history has been an arena of struggle between world empires and regional powers. After the Artsakh war in 2020, the Middle East is much "closer" to the South Caucasus, where the Iranian-Israeli confrontation may spread. In the context of an unprecedented number of actors in the South Caucasus and a certain geopolitical vacuum that has been created, the countries of the region are forced to reconsider their previously established relations with the centers of power.

Keywords South Caucasus New Middle East Karabakh conflict Artsakh war Russian Federation Turkey Israel Iran Arab countries Armenia collective West new world order.

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Ararat Hakobyan - Historical assessment of the issue of joining Eastern Armenia to Russia in the Soviet Armenian historiograph

12 Pages | 46-58 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-46 |

Revceived on: 2023-05-07 | Reviewed on: 2023-05-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

Abstract / Keywords

In the last two centuries, in Armenian historiography, the issue of joining Eastern Armenia to Russia, due to socio-political, ideological, and sometimes simply due to propaganda expediency, was assessed differently. This event was rated from the greatest good for the Armenian people to the least of evils, down to evil. Joining Eastern Armenia to Russia and the subsequent processes of its historical fate convince us that Russian rule was objectively progressive for Armenia and Armenians.

KeywordsEastern Armenia Russia war joining historiography Leo Treaty of Turkmenchay significance N. Ashtaraketsi Kh. Lazaryan I. Paskevich autonomy kingdom “Armenian region” assessment good.

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Felix Movsisyan - “Masyats Aghavni” on the American Civil War

21 Pages | 132-153 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-128 |

Revceived on: 2021-09-02 | Reviewed on: 2021-09-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-02-07

Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

Abstract / Keywords

The American Civil War of 1861–1865 received a wide response in the Armenian periodical press of the time, including the “Masyats Aghavni” magazine.This periodical, which was representing the Armenian national-conservative current, was published in 1860–1865 in Theodosia edited by Archimandrite Gabriel Aivazovsky. “Masyats Aghavni” is one of the unique Armenian periodicals that predicted the inevitability of the conflict between the northern and southern states before the start of the US Civil War. The magazine attributes this to the election of Abraham Lincoln, the representative of the Republican Party representing the interests of the northern states, which is considered one of the remarkable events of the time.

Keywords“Masyats Aghavni” North South power slavery war strife rebellion unity solidarity Abraham Lincoln.

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Garegin Tumanyan - The current state and perspectives of investigation of Cimmerian culture in the Armenian Highland

13 Pages | 210-223 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-206 |

Revceived on: 2021-11-30 | Reviewed on: 2022-01-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-01-18

Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

Abstract / Keywords

Cimmerians are the first historical people of Eastern Europe. The term “Cimmerian culture” is known in archaeology since the beginning of the last century. The problem of the differentation of Cimmerian and Scythian archaological complexes is very important, which has not yet found a cardinal solution, particularly – in the Western Asian region. The discussed problem was not explored in Armenian archaeology at all. Through archaeological investigation of the manifestations of Cimmerian culture in the Armenian Highland, fundamentals can be established for defining the place of Cimmerian culture among concurrent archaeological cultures of the mentioned region.

Keywordsnew approach attributes Cimmerian culture funerary complexes burial groups funerary ritual tribal groups warrior riders weaponry horse tack.

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Aram Abrahamyan - Observations on the historical roots of the political culture of the Armenian state (20th-21st cc.)

13 Pages | 270-283 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-270 |

Revceived on: 2022-04-06 | Reviewed on: 2022-04-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-02

Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Discussions

Abstract / Keywords

For many centuries, Armenians lived on the territory of various empires. Historically, the closest are the periods of the Russian and Ottoman empires, as well as the Persian Empire. The political cultures of these empires had noticeable impact on the formation of culture in the Armenian state, starting from 1918. In this matter, the way of legitimizing the first person of the state is of great importance, in particular, in the Byzantine Empire, and then in the Russian empire.

Keywords political culture Byzantine Empire Russian Empire political and legal thought legitimacy constitutionality legal awareness statehood Third Republic.

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Ruben Sahakyan - Sargis Mehrabian (Khanasori Vardan)

26 Pages | 3-29 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-3 |

Revceived on: 2022-07-14 | Reviewed on: 2022-10-18 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History

Abstract / Keywords

A young man from Artsakh, Sargis Mehrabian, also known as Khanasori Vardan (Vardan of Khanasor) or simply Vardan, devoted himself to the Armenian Liberation Movement as early as 1890. Having received the baptism of fire in the campaign headed by Sargis Kukunian, he joined the Armenian Haiduk Movement. From 1894 to 1896, he took part in the self-defense of Van-Vaspurakan and carried out work on organizing resistance groups in Armenian settlements. The Khanasor expedition of 1897 can be considered the apogee of Vardan’s Haiduk activity against the Kurdish Mazrykan tribe. Having returned to the Caucasus ‒ Baku, he started writing his memoirs, which cover the events through 1894 to 1896.

KeywordsSargis Mehrabian Shushi Van Sevkaretsi Sako Khanasor Simon Zavarian Cilicia Rostom Armenian-Tatar clashes First World War volunteer movement genocide Aram Manukian Baku Yerevan.

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Vahe Sargsyan - The last Artsakh war, Georgia, new transit projects and the end of the RA blockade process

16 Pages | 47-63 |

Revceived on: 2021-03-11 | Reviewed on: 2021-03-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-03-30

Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

Abstract / Keywords

Throughout the Artsakh war, which lasted from September 27 to November 9, 2020, Georgian official circles made statements about maintaining neutrality. The reliable tidings that not only Turkish and Israeli military equipment, but also terrorist groups from Syria were being transported to Azerbaijan through Georgian airspace were also denied. Nevertheless, various platforms persistently talked about the continuity of the transportation of military equipment to Azerbaijan by cargo planes of the Azerbaijani “Silk Way West Airlines” company, which is authorized to transport military cargo (which Georgian officials called “humanitarian” or “civilian” flights).

KeywordsGeorgia Artsakh war neutrality airspace cargo planes tripartite declaration unblocking of transport communications Kars-Igdir-Nakhichevan railway blockade Turkish-Azerbaijani great-power interests.

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David Gasparyan - The border of history and art (According to the novel “The White Horseman” by Hamastegh)

21 Pages | 150-171 |

Revceived on: 2021-04-22 | Reviewed on: 2021-04-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-05-10

Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

Abstract / Keywords

The novel “The White Horseman” without Chapters 3 and 4 was published in “Hayrenik” magazine of Boston (1931, №. 7, 1933, №. 12) and then in a separate book in Los Angeles (vols. 1–2, 1952), in one volume in Yerevan (2016). The time included in the novel is the 1890s. This is a novel with a historical-political program, but it is not a historical novel. There are historical hidden figures among the heroes: Cherchi Kiros – Hrayr Dzhoghk (Armenak Ghazaryan (1864–1904), Malkhas – Gevorg Chaush (Gevorg Ghazaryan) (1870–1907)), Nairyan – the conventional image of an ideological leader. The novel has a cer¬tain ideological orientation: shortly after the Genocide, the loss of the homeland, it tries to instill in the people the spirit of victory, even the dream of victory.

Keywords Hamastegh “The White Horseman” Martik Cherchi Kiros Berdak Vardadzor fedayi liberation war Armenian Kurdish Turkish homeland struggle heroes victory.

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Anushavan Zakaryan , Gayane Makhmourian - Letters by Mkrtich Khrimian, dated 30 May 1904, to the presidents of France the USA in the context of the reform programs for Western Armenia

20 Pages | 36-56 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-36 |

Revceived on: 2024-12-11 | Reviewed on: 2025-02-20 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History

Abstract / Keywords

An irreconcilable struggle was waged in 1878–1904, and particularly since 1895, between the block of Great Powers seeking to implement reforms in Western Armenia, that suffered under the yoke of the Ottoman Empire, and the longing of the Sublime Porte to abort these processes. England, France and Russia, notwithstanding all controversies and rivalries between them, elaborated joint programs to establish capitalist fundamentals in the Ottoman Empire.

Keywordsletters by Mkrtich Khrimian Western Armenia Ottoman Empire reforms massacres self- defense of Sasun in 1904 Theodore Roosevelt Emile Loubet Edward VII Hovsep Sarajian Sahak Ayvatian Andranik Ozanian Gevorg Chaush Gegham Ter-Karapetian.

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Susanna Hovhannisyan - History in the unfinished works of Hovhannes Tumanyan (historical dramas and stories)

12 Pages | 124-136 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-124 |

Revceived on: 2025-01-20 | Reviewed on: 2025-02-13 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / Literary studies

Abstract / Keywords

The historical and philosophical worldview of Hovhannes Tumanyan is reflected in his unfinished works, which have yet to become a subject of scientific study, although, in 2022, they were published in the 5th volume of the poet's “Complete Collection of Works”. Critical comprehension of Tumanyan’s historical perspectives holds true significance, driven by the intensification of security issues in recent years and the ongoing war of external forces against the Armenian people and their statehood.

KeywordsHovhannes Tumanyan history of Armenia historical dramas fall of Ani “Artavazd II” “King Hovhannes” (or “Smbat II”) “Impressions of War”.

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Armen Karapetyan - Coverage of the Armenian volunteer movement in the “Horizon” newspaper (October 1914 – July 1916)

16 Pages | 41-57 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-41 |

Revceived on: 2025-09-07 | Reviewed on: 2025-10-31 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / History

Abstract / Keywords

The forerunner of the Armenian volunteer movement was the fedayeen movement, which arose in Western Armenia at the end of the 19th century as a stronghold of armed resistance against the Ottoman enslavers. The volunteer movement was the continuation of the national liberation struggle and was driven by the aspiration of the Armenians to liberate Western Armenia from Ottoman oppression. The formation of the movement was also supported by the favorable position of Tsarist Russia, the authorities of which encouraged it in every possible way.

KeywordsWorld War I Armenian volunteer regiments the ''Horizon'' newspaper massacres Armenian refugees defensive battles the Tsarist authorities heroic commanders liberated Van

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Qnarik Avagyan - Integration Programs Implemented for Syrian–Armenian Children and Youth in Armenia (2012 – 2018) (in Eng.)

22 Pages | 26-48 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-26 |

Revceived on: 2026-01-25 | Reviewed on: 2026-02-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / History

Abstract / Keywords

During 2012–2018, the RA authorities, as a result of coordinated work with the Ministry of Diaspora (hereinafter: MD) and various international, Diaspora and local organizations, took care of and ensured the summer vacation of Armenian children who stayed in Armenia, as well as those who remained in Syria and experienced all the bitterness of war and the horrors of military clashes, in their native camps and rest homes, organized educational, rehabilitation and healing, New Year’s, cultural, festive, sports and other events, as well as organized excursions to the sights of Armenia and other programs.

KeywordsSyria community war repatriation integration summer recreation New Year events cultural events.

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