Historical and philological journal
PUBLISHED SINCE 1958

ԼՈՒՅՍ Է ՏԵՍՆՈՒՄ 1958 ԹՎԱԿԱՆԻՑ
Историко-филологический журнал
ИЗДАЕТСЯ С 1958 ГОДА
  • Anahit Astoyan - The economic activity of the armenians of constantinople (End of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century) (in Eng.)
    22 Pages | 5-27 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-3 |

    Revceived on: 2023-10-12 | Reviewed on: 2024-03-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / History

    For centuries, the ruling element in the Ottoman Empire, the Turks, were engaged only in the administration of the country, leaving the economic field to the Christians of the country. Armenians, Greeks and other subject nations of the empire worked for centuries to keep the country’s economy prosperous1. After the Crimean war of 1853–1856, when the Ottoman Empire began to strengthen its relations with Europe and modernize its economy, Armenians were ready to play an important role between the empire and Europe. Armenian merchants knew European languages and the newest methods of European trade. That is why they were able to become mediators of Turkish–European trade and occupy an influential position in Turkish–European trade.

    KeywordsConstantinople Ottoman Empire the Armenians of Constantinople Greeks periodic press trading company import export khan workshop factory

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  • Vahan Melikyan - The Persian Armenians during the February Revolution of Russia in 1917
    16 Pages | 39-55 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-39 |

    Revceived on: 2024-05-08 | Reviewed on: 2024-05-28 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / History

    The fall of the autocracy in Russia in February 1917 was the reason for significant military and political, social and economic changes in Persia and changes in the life of the Persian Armenians. In the context of the ongoing World War in Persia, the status of military and political, economic and financial control of Russia, England, Germany and the Ottoman Empire continued to dominate, and the threat of loss of the country's sovereignty was obvious. All these processes influenced all sectors of the life of Persian Armenians, in particular, social-economic and social-political.

    KeywordsPersia Persian Armenians February Revolution Tehran Tabriz Hamadan Qazvin Russia Britain Atropatene Tumanyan brothers

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  • Lernik Hakobyan - Daniel Varoujan: Proponent of liberty
    25 Pages | 56-81 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-56 |

    Revceived on: 2024-04-29 | Reviewed on: 2024-06-03 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Literary studies

    140 years have passed since the birth of Daniel Varoujan – one of the most eminent representatives of the Western Armenian literature. D. Varoujan was born on April 20, 1884, in the village of Prgnik, Sebastia vilayet. First, he studied at a village school, then in Constantinople, Venice and at Ghent University in Belgium. After receiving his education, he was engaged in teaching activities.

    KeywordsD. Varoujan Western Armenian literature “Shivers” “The Heart of the Race” “Pagan Songs” “The Song of the Bread” national liberation struggle.

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  • Manuk Felekyan - Lexicographical presentation of personal pronouns
    8 Pages | 113-121 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-113 |

    Revceived on: 2024-02-16 | Reviewed on: 2024-02-28 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Linguistics

    The dictionary interpretation of pronouns largely depends on the grammatical understanding of the pronoun. The problem, to which part of speech this group of words belong, has not received its final solution in grammar yet. This is one of the main reasons for controversies in the lexicography of personal pronouns.

    Keywordspronouns explanatory dictionary dictionaries of the Western Armenian language choice of a headword in a dictionary lexical meaning of a word grammatical features dictionary interpretation.

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  • Artsvi Bakhchinyan - On an Armenian-Scandinavian mythological parallel (in Eng.)
    8 Pages | 163-171 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-163 |

    Revceived on: 2024-04-19 | Reviewed on: 2024-04-26 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Discussions

    In a letter dated 1951, Swedish mythologist Stig Wikander observed that the Armenian legend regarding the growth of a grapevine from the bone of a sacrificed calf has connections with both Greek apocrypha literature and Scandinavian/Nordic mythology. He also mentioned that he had published a preliminary article on this subject in a Swedish ethnographic journal . Wikander cited two original sources of these narratives, both associated with the name of the patriarch Noah.

    Keywordslegend about Noah Armenian mythology vine calf sacrifice Scandinavian mythology Thor goats.

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  • Maya Grigoryan - On the issue of printing the book “Nakhashavigh” by Khachatur Abovyan
    8 Pages | 163-171 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-171 |

    Revceived on: 2024-04-17 | Reviewed on: 2024-04-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Discussions

    The textbook of the outstanding Armenian writer, educator, teacher, public figure Kh. Abovyan (1809–1848) “Nakhashavigh” was written from 1836 to the beginning of 1838 primarily for applying it in the private school founded by the author. The book entered the printing house at the beginning of 1838 when the Arzanyants brothers officially started their printing activity. During this period, the first 18 press sheets were printed before the first warning was received about the author’s sponsor-Hessenmuller.

    KeywordsKh. Abovyan Tiflis “Nakhashavigh” Arzanyants brothers XIX century bibliography censorship history of Armenian printing printing house.

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  • Avetis Harutyunyan - Van province during the governorship of Hasan Tahsin (1913–1914)
    17 Pages | 70-87 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-70 |

    Revceived on: 2023-04-12 | Reviewed on: 2023-06-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    After the overthrow of the party Ittihat in 1913, Hassan Tahsin Bey was appointed the new governor of Van (1913–1915). Being an Ittihatian, he, unlike other Young Turks, was not an ardent nationalist. H. Tahsin had a friendly attitude towards Armenians and understood the national peculiarities of the local conditions. Thanks to his personal qualities, he managed to spread the spirit of solidarity in the province of Van and for the first time took drastic measures to settle Armenian-Kurdish relations, clean the province of Van from bandits, suppress the resistance of the rebellious sheikhs, resolve disputed land issues and improve educational work in the province.

    KeywordsVan province H. Tahsin Ittihat party land issue Armenian-Kurdish relations educational problems party life Dashnaktsutyun party N. Hoff.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Dynamics of the Armenian population of Javakhk from 1959 to 2014 (according to the official census data)
    11 Pages | 88-99 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-88 |

    Revceived on: 2023-08-25 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-08 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    More than half of the Armenians living in Georgia inhabit in Javakhk (currently administratively divided into Samtskhe–Javakhk Province and Tsalka District of Kvemo Kartli Province). The administrative territorial redistributions, that took place in the Soviet Georgia after the Second World War, as well as large and small demographic shifts, that happened during the war and in after years, had a serious impact on both the administrative divisions and the demographic picture of the heavily Armenian-populated southern regions of the Georgian SSR. The Georgian (Cartvelian) element came to replace the Muslim element (Turk–Meskhetians) who were massively moved from the mentioned territories.

    KeywordsGeorgia Javakhk Georgians Armenians population national composition census official data dynamics.

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  • Lilit Hovhannisyan - Stages of diplomatic discussions of the Armenian question in 1878–1923 according to the assessment of Armenian historical science (1991–2023)
    30 Pages | 100-130 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-100 |

    Revceived on: 2024-01-17 | Reviewed on: 2024-01-31 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    During the 32 years of independence of the Republic of Armenia, Armenian historians have done valuable work in the direction of analyzing and evaluating both the collective obligations of the Great powers, their content and the Middle Eastern interests of each of the powers, their interstate conflicts on the issue of Western Armenia. In this context, the main stages of the diplomatic content of the Armenian question, from the reforms of Western Armenia to autonomy, then to independence, and then to the protection of the rights of the Armenian national minority in Turkey, were revealed.

    Keywords Armenian question Republic of Armenia historical science Western Armenia reforms autonomy independence self-determination peace treaty secret agreements.

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  • David Gasparyan - Paruyr Sevak. Motherland and poet
    32 Pages | 131-163 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-131 |

    Revceived on: 2024-01-01 | Reviewed on: 2024-01-21 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Literary studies

    Paruyr Sevak (1924–1971) lived and created during the Soviet years, developed his own theory of art, and took a worthy place in Armenian literature. His name was also heard in the All-Union poetry of that time, the paths of which were determined by Andrei Voznesensky, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Joseph Brodsky, Vladimir Vysotsky, Eduardas Mieželaitis, Ivan Drach, and others. He was recognized and appreciated in this literary environment. He translated their works, and they translated his.

    KeywordsParuyr Sevak Armenian people motherland Mesrop Mashtots the year of 1915 Komitas folk song Ararat poem.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan - The lecture of Sergey Gorodetsky on the Armenian question (Batumi, 1919) (in Russ.)
    7 Pages | 164-171 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-164 |

    Revceived on: 2023-12-11 | Reviewed on: 2024-01-15 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Literary studies

    Sergey Gorodetsky (1884–1967), the famous Russian poet, writer, public speaker, translator and public figure made an invaluable contribution to covering and assessing, to revealing new facts and details of the various aspects of the Armenian reality of the 10s of the 20th century. Acting and living first in Western Armenia then in Transcaucasia (1916–1921), he kept a close eye on the events taking place in Armenia, on the interior and exterior situation of the country and raised his powerful voice in favor of the just stuggle of the Armenian people.

    KeywordsSergey Gorodetsky the Armenian Question lecture Batumi the year of 1919.

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  • Hrachya Baloyan - Words related to nationality and national in the language of journalism of the Armenian press (early 1990s)
    12 Pages | 189-201 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-189 |

    Revceived on: 2024-01-21 | Reviewed on: 2024-02-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Linguistics

    There are numerous newly formed words related to nationality and national in the language of journalism of the Armenian press for the period from 1991 to 1993. Among the words related to nationality and national, the words consisting of the component ազգ (nation) dominate. Among the latter, there are adjectives that are composed of nation + simple noun pattern, where the noun endings express a participial meaning. Some words are formed in the pattern nation + verbal noun (with the suffix -ում (the same as -tion in English)). A number of words were formed in the pattern nation + noun (with the suffix –ություն (the same as -ity in English). We also have newly formed words composed of ազգ (nation) + adjective pattern. We have encountered only one verb with the component ազգ (nation). Some words of another kind were also composed with the suffix – ություն (the same as -ity in English). There are three words formed by the component էթն(ոս) (ethnos (ethnicity)).

    KeywordsArmenian press nation national newly formed words meaning Armenian (language) Armenian (nation) Russian.

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  • Samvel Ramazyan - The problems of studying the epic “Koroglu” and Armenia (in Eng.)
    17 Pages | 216-233 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-216 |

    Revceived on: 2024-02-06 | Reviewed on: 2024-02-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Archaeology, ethnography

    The epic “Koroglu” (“Köroğlu”, “Koroghlu”, “Korogli”, “Kerogli”), despite its late origin (XVII century), in comparison with other Turkic epics, has no analogue in its prevalence. The formation of the epic started from the XVII century and lasted until the XIX century. Later, it was subjected to various artistic developments and changes, becoming a unique example of overcoming linguistic and ethnic boundaries . Mainly handed down by narrators, it began to be written down in the first half of XIX century to the beginning of XX century, and the stories spread in Central Asia, especially in 1930–1940s and later.

    KeywordsKoroglu (Korogli) epic Armenia Armenian version Urmia Azerbaijan (Aturpatakan) A. Chodzko Turkic Iran ashugh.

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  • Vano Yeghiazaryan - The probable promoter of the “History” by Aristakes Lastivertsi
    12 Pages | 258-270 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-258 |

    Revceived on: 2024-01-24 | Reviewed on: 2024-01-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Discussions

    The “History” by Aristakes Lastiversi, like the “Histories” of his pre¬de-cessors and successors, had a promoter, since the presence of a patron-promoter was a stable and repeatable genre feature of historiographical prose. 2. In the “History”, the author’s sympathy was with the Bagratuni dynasty. 3. The translation of the expression «վասն որոյ պատմությունս է» – “who is this story about” – in the second chapter of the “History” is unconvincing, since the “History” of Aristakes does not tell about King Gagik I. 4. Taking into account the ancient Armenian semantic nuances of the word «վասն» (the main meaning: “about”), we prefer other translation options: “thanks to whom this story is”, “for whom this story is”, “through whom this story is”, “through whose mediation this story is”. In all these cases, King Gagik I Bagratuni could be considered the probable promoter of the “History”.

    KeywordsAristakes Lastivertsi genre characteristics translation of the text from ancient Armenian into modern Armenian the probable promoter King Gagik I.

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  • - From the history of religious contradictions in the Armenian community of Constantinople (1715–1764)
    17 Pages | 3-20 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-3 |

    Revceived on: 2024-10-04 | Reviewed on: 2024-10-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History

    During the reign of Armenian Patriarch Hovhannes Kolot of Constantinople, thanks to his prudence, frequent outbreaks of splits in the Armenian Community were prevented. Negotiation processes with Armenian Catholics were expanded. For Hovhannes Kolot and his associates, the basis of the dialogues was that the Catholics being members of the Armenian Community should refrain from confrontations against the national church, which would also help to avoid persecution by the state. Instead, as the facts show, the leaders of the community provided Armenian Catholics a stage (for sermons) in the national churches, banned the anti-Chalcedonian demonstrations in those churches, etc. In a number of issues, Hovhannes Kolot cooperated with the French ambassador to Constantinople, who was guided not by religious limitations but by the political interests of France.

    KeywordsArmenian Community of Constantinople Armenian Catholics Hovhannes Kolot Grigor Shirvantsi (Shgtayakir) St. Hakobyants Monastery Hakop Nalyan Petros Kyutur religious contradictions Angora translated Catholic literature.

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  • Silvart Malhasyan (Istanbul) - Assistance of the Armenians of Constantinople to the First Republic of Armenia and Soviet Armenia (1919–1920)
    15 Pages | 21-36 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-21 |

    Revceived on: 2024-03-13 | Reviewed on: 2024-03-07 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History

    From the very first days, the Armenians of Constantinople welcomed the proclamation of the First Republic of Armenia in May 1918, but could not openly express their feelings. After the official recognition of the Armenian Republic by the Paris Peace Conference on January 19, 1920, they showed their enthusiasm much more freely and began to participate in helping their Motherland. The assistance to Armenia was organized by the religious leaders of three churches headed by the Armenian Patriarchate of Turkey. Various cultural events were held.

    Keywordsthe Armenians of Constantinople First Republic of Armenia Soviet Armenia periodicals Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople government loan bond.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Visa regime in Russian-Georgian Relations and its effects on the Armenians living in Georgia (2000–2023)
    17 Pages | 37-54 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-37 |

    Revceived on: 2024-07-23 | Reviewed on: 2024-10-18 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History

    The visa regime, established in 2000–2023, is an integral part of Georgian-Russian post-Soviet relations, a unique litmus test that shows the level of relations between the two countries at this stage. The established visa regime, confirmed by the administration of E. Shevardnadze in 2000 and strengthened during the years of the pro-Western and pro-Turkish rule of M. Saakashvili, caused a great damage to Russian-Georgian interstate relations, trade and economic ties, as well as to spiritual, cultural, and humanitarian contacts, mutually hindering visits of the citizens to these countries and in some periods creating insurmountable obstacles.

    KeywordsRussia Georgia visa regime Russian-Georgian relations Embassy of Switzerland interests of Georgia Russian Federation Republic of Armenia Armenians living in Georgia Prague negotiations.

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  • Lilit Seyranyan - The principle of reflection in Mateos Zarifyan’s poetry
    22 Pages | 55-77 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-55 |

    Revceived on: 2024-06-24 | Reviewed on: 2024-07-02 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / Literary studies

    The last talented representative of Western Armenian lyrics, Mateos (Trdat) Zarifyan, was born on January 17, 1894 in the suburb of Constantinople, Ketik Pasha. In 1913, he graduated from the Perper College, receiving a diploma in art history. From 1914 onwards, he worked as a teacher at the same college. After the outbreak of the First World War, he was drafted into the Turkish army. Protesting against the harsh conditions of the life in barracks, not wanting to serve in the enemy army, he maked several attempts to escape and was sentenced to exile by a military tribunal. Thanks to the petition of his friends, the sentence was replaced by imprisonment and hard labor, and subsequently, he worked as an orderly in a military hospital. In 1919, he worked as a translator at the British military mission, and then at the Perper College as a teacher of English and Physical Education. In 1921, the poet's health deteriorated sharply and he and his parents moved to the island of Prinkipo in the Marmara Sea. On April 9, 1924, Zarifyan died.

    KeywordsZarifyan Western Armenian lyrics the last representative narcissism Oscar Wilde eye mirror pool sea.

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  • Armen Sargsyan, Shogher Minasyan - Lavrenti Hovhannisyan’s research on the dialect of Karabakh (Artsakh)
    12 Pages | 131-143 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-131 |

    Revceived on: 2024-07-24 | Reviewed on: 2024-07-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / Linguistics

    Lavrenti Hovhannisyan, contemporary Armenian linguist, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, has authored a series of scientific works dedicated to the Karabakh dialect. In his works, he has examined the archaic phonetical, lexical, and grammatical features of the dialect in order to prove the existence of the Armenian population in Artsakh since ancient times. Among the most characteristic phonetic phenomena, he highlights the deafening of the initial voiced consonants in Classical Armenian, in some cases aspiration and palatalization of these consonants, which he does not associate with Turkic influence, the absence of the “f” sound and the presence of oxytonic stress.

    KeywordsKarabakh (Artsakh) dialect L. Hovhannisyan Classical Armenian Iranian languages phonetic system lexis grammatical system loanwords etymology archaisms.

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  • Artsvi Bakhchinyan, Vartan Matiossian - The relationship of Armen Ohanian and Archag Tchobanian
    11 Pages | 157-168 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-157 |

    Revceived on: 2024-09-23 | Reviewed on: 2024-10-04 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / Arts

    Dancer, writer, actress and translator Armen Ohanian (Sofia Pirbudaghian, 1888, Shamakha –1976, Mexico City) lived in Paris from 1912–1931 and maintained a long-term professional relationship with Archag Tchobanian. Tchobanian’s archive in the State Museum of Literature and Art of Armenia contains 65 letters (18 in Armenian and 47 in French) addressed to him from Ohanian. They participated in pro-Armenian events in Paris. Tchobanian was actively interested in Ohanian’s artistic and literary work; he often introduced her to his Armenian and French friends to support her dance performances and publication of her literary works. Tchobanian translated one of Ohanian’s first works from French into Armenian, edited her French works, and wrote about her art in his writings.

    KeywordsArmen Ohanian Archag Tchobanian correspondence creative and friendly relations pro-Armenian events in Paris Anatole France.

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  • Lusine Sahakyan - Vahagn Dadryan – The outstanding researcher of the Armenian Genocide
    30 Pages | 3-33 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.1-3 |

    Revceived on: 2023-01-27 | Reviewed on: 2023-03-06 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / History

    Prominent historian Vahagn Dadryan’s contribution to the study of the Armenian Genocide is highly valuable. Applying the latest historical-comparative and interdisciplinary methods, Dadryan discovered and introduced numerous archival documents into scientific circulation. Proceeding from theoretical statements put forward by different scientific disciplines, the scholar proposed and analyzed new problems and aspects of the Armenian Genocide, and the results of his investigations published on various academic and socio-political platforms, have always attracted the attention of academic circles.

    KeywordsVahagn Dadryan Armenian Genocide exile Armenia Artsakh Diaspora Ottoman Empire sociology criminalistics victimology document press.

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  • Albert Kharatyan - The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Greek–Armenian confrontation around the Holy Places (1700s–1730s)
    18 Pages | 55-73 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.1-55 |

    Revceived on: 2023-01-29 | Reviewed on: 2023-02-13 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / History

    Since the end of the 17th century, the Armenian Patriarchates of Jerusalem and Constantinople have faced trials and overcoming their grave consequences. The Patriarchate of Constantinople, weakened by theological strife, was unable to maintain the inviolability of the Jerusalem monastery of St. Jacob. The monastery was at the mercy of adventurers and greedy representatives of the local elite, who ruthlessly plundered the property of the monastery. The frequent change of patriarchs led to the fact that even the very existence of the Armenian congregation in Jerusalem was called into question.

    KeywordsArmenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople properties of Holy Places Hovhannes Hannah Patriarch Avetik Patriarch Hovhannes Kolot Patriarch Grigor Shirvantsi Faizullah Mufti Greek Patriarch Meletios of Jerusalem.

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  • Robert Ghazaryan - Aram Kosyan: the Hittite Kingdom (political history) (in Eng.)
    3 Pages | 247-250 |

    Revceived on: 2023-01-17 | Reviewed on: 0001-01-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / Reviews

    The history of the Hittite state is considered one of the most remarkable pages in the history of Near East in the XVII–XIII centuries BC. The state founded by the Indo-European Hittites (Nesians) in the east of Asia Minor and in the west of the Armenian Highland soon included most of the territories of Asia Minor and became one of the most powerful states in the region. However, Asia Minor was not enough for the Hittites.

    KeywordsAsia Minor Hittites the Hittite Kingdom sources Ḫattusa Mittani Egypt Assyria the Armenian Highland.

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  • Artak Vardanyan - Viktor Katvalyan: Dictionary of the Bayazet dialect (in Eng.)
    2 Pages | 271-273 |

    Revceived on: 2023-03-13 | Reviewed on: 0001-01-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / Reviews

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  • Ani Voskanyan - Extermination of Armenians and expropriation of their property in Adana Province in 1915
    14 Pages | 65-79 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-65 |

    Revceived on: 2023-05-11 | Reviewed on: 2023-02-24 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    By the end of 1915, almost all Armenians of Western Armenia, Cilicia and other provinces (vilayets) of the Ottoman Empire had been deported. Both in Adana and other places, Turks continued expropriation of property, plunder, appropriation and destruction of cultural values of Armenians. Deportation, plunder and extermination of Armenians were carried out by the orders from the central government, with the strenuous efforts of the local provincial authorities as well as groups and organizations that had been formed for that purpose, also the common people being actively involved in these actions.

    KeywordsArmenian Genocide Ottoman Empire Cilicia Adana Province Ottoman authorities Young Turk government private and national property deportation extermination confiscation.

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  • Mariam Hovsepyan - Armenian newspapers of Constantinopole on “Nemesis” operation (1920–1922)
    13 Pages | 100-113 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-100 |

    Revceived on: 2023-06-08 | Reviewed on: 2023-06-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    At the 9th General Meeting of the ARF - Dashnaktsutyun, held in Yerevan on September 27-October 30, 1919, a decision was made to conduct a punitive operation “Nemesis” against the organizers of the Armenian Genocide. These acts had a great public response, which was reflected on the pages of the Constantinople Armenian periodicals “Zhoghovurdy dzayn, Zhamanak”, “Verjin lur”, and “Chakatamart” in 1920-1922.

    KeywordsArmenian newspapers of Constantinople “Nemesis” operation Ottoman military court Armenian avengers Armenian Genocide organizers of the Armenian Genocide.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Dynamics of the Armenian population of Georgia in 1959 – 2014 (According to the official census data)
    13 Pages | 114-127 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-114 |

    Revceived on: 2023-03-15 | Reviewed on: 2023-04-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    After the Second World War, from 1959 to1989, the number of Armenians living in the entire territory of Georgia decreased from 442.9 thousand to 437.2 thousand people (decrease by 5.7 thousand). During the same period, the number of Azerbaijanis increased more than twice: from 153.6 thousand to 307.6 thousand people. The number of Armenians in Georgia sharply declined in the post-Soviet period. According to the official census of Georgia in 1989 and 2002, the number of Armenians in Georgia decreased by 188,282 people in 13 years.

    KeywordsGeorgia Abkhazia South Ossetia Armenians census official statistics dynamics assimilation.

  • Knar Harutyunyan - The manuscript heritage of Grigor II Vkayaser (According to the literary and colophon data)
    17 Pages | 146-163 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-146 |

    Revceived on: 2022-11-21 | Reviewed on: 2022-11-23 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / Philosophy

    The Catholicoses of Armenia played a great role in the creation and development of Armenian manuscripts and printed books, being patrons, recipients and many of them even scribes. Therefore, for a comprehensive assessment of their work, as well as for the study of the history of the Armenian book, it is important to present this area of their activity. In this regard, the activity of Catholicos Grigor II Vkayaser (the Martyrophile, 1066-1105) is noteworthy as he played a great role in translation of hagiographic literature.

    KeywordsArmenian manuscript Catholicos the manuscript heritage of Catholicoses Grigor II Vkayaser colophon Armenian literature catalogue of manuscripts.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan - David Ananun and Hovhannes Tumanyan: Litarary and public relations
    26 Pages | 175-201 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-175 |

    Revceived on: 2023-04-18 | Reviewed on: 2023-05-26 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / Philosophy

    Armenologist David Ananun [David Hovhanovich (Hovhannesovich) Ter-Danielyan, 1880-1943] is a distinguished representative of Armenian social-political, literary and cultural reality of the first thirty years of the XX century. Throughout all his substantive activity he maintained close ties with many representatives of the Armenian reality of that time. His literary and public relations of extremely wide vector with the poet of all Armenians Hovhannes Tumanyan are of particular interest.

    KeywordsD. Ananun H. Tumanyan letters Caucasian society of Armenian writers newspaper “Mshak” articles Commission of inquiry biweekly newspaper “Cooperation of Armenia” quatrians.

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  • Areg Vardanyan - The “Armenian-Byzantine Apocalypse” in the context of Byzantine and Armenian eschatological traditions
    18 Pages | 255-273 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-255 |

    Revceived on: 2023-04-10 | Reviewed on: 2023-04-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / Discussions

    Among the Armenian texts of the “Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, there exists a very “apocryphal” version. This text, as shown by philosophical analysis, is a separate work of an apocalyptic/eschatological nature. The existence of references to the events of the Byzantine history of the period from 1130 to 1210 and many common motives with Byzantine apocrypha of Daniel, “Oracles of Leo the Wise” and “History” of Choniates, point to the Byzantine origin of this text. On the other hand, the “pro-Latin” position of the author, more characteristic of the Armenian book writing of the XII-XIII centuries, indicates to the connection of the text to the Armenians of Byzantium.

    KeywordsArmenian eschatology Byzantine eschatology Komnenoi Armenian-Byzantine written tradition Vision of Daniel Pseudo-Methodius Armenians in Byzantium The Fourth Crusade Niketas Choniates The Image of the Other.

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  • Kristine Kostikyan - Christians in the Sheki region and the petition of the Islamized Armenian-Udins (IX–XIX centuries)
    15 Pages | 30-45 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-30 |

    Revceived on: 2023-02-25 | Reviewed on: 2023-03-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    The Islamization of the Christians in the Sheki region was intensive from the very beginning of the XVIII century when the weakened Safavid Iran was not able to keep control over the region. There was no longer a force in the region capable to withstand the frequent raids of the North Caucasian tribes who treated the infidels with particular cruelty. The short periods of the Ottoman Empire dominance and Nadir Shah’s rule were also characterized by great destruction caused to the region.

    KeywordsSheki Christian Armenian Udi Islamization Church of Aghvank khanate petition.

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  • Ararat Hakobyan - Historical assessment of the issue of joining Eastern Armenia to Russia in the Soviet Armenian historiograph
    12 Pages | 46-58 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-46 |

    Revceived on: 2023-05-07 | Reviewed on: 2023-05-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    In the last two centuries, in Armenian historiography, the issue of joining Eastern Armenia to Russia, due to socio-political, ideological, and sometimes simply due to propaganda expediency, was assessed differently. This event was rated from the greatest good for the Armenian people to the least of evils, down to evil. Joining Eastern Armenia to Russia and the subsequent processes of its historical fate convince us that Russian rule was objectively progressive for Armenia and Armenians.

    KeywordsEastern Armenia Russia war joining historiography Leo Treaty of Turkmenchay significance N. Ashtaraketsi Kh. Lazaryan I. Paskevich autonomy kingdom “Armenian region” assessment good.

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  • Mikael Martirosyan - The role of Grigor Zohrap in the conclusion of the Russian-German Agreement of 1913
    20 Pages | 72-92 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-72 |

    Revceived on: 2023-04-10 | Reviewed on: 2023-05-02 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    Grigor Zohrap is one of the luminaries of the Western Armenian intelligentsia of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The concern for the plight of the Western Armenian people and the future of Armenia pushed him to social and political activities from a very young age. The high public reputation made it possible for Zohrap to be elected a deputy of the Young Turk Parliament for three times in a row, from 1908 to 1914. His political activity is a vivid example of serving his native people with unwavering dedication and political courage, which deserves admiration and gratitude.

    KeywordsGrigor Zohrap Armenian reforms the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople Russian-German compromise agreement H. Wangenheim M. Girs A. Mandelstam.

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  • Ruben Sahakyan - The Caucasus front of the First World War in the documents (critical remarks and analysis)
    30 Pages | 93-123 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-93 |

    Revceived on: 2023-06-07 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    In 2020, a collection of documents ‘’The Caucasus Front of the First World War, 1914-1917’’ was published in Moscow. Executive editor A. N. Artizov, compilers - candidate of historical sciences B. B. Davidov, N. G. Zakharova, candidate of historical sciences I. V. Karpeyev, S. A. Kharitonov, candidate of historical sciences O. V. Chistyakov, E. E. Koloskova, candidate of historical sciences M. E. Malevinskaya, candidate of historical sciences D. G. Martirosyan, Yu. V. Basenko, candidate of historical sciences G. G. Avagyan, candidate of historical sciences S. S. Mirzoyan. The compliers of the collection did a significant research work, but when getting familiar with the published documents a number of questions come up, therefore we present some observations. 1. One of the gaps in the preface is the absence of the fact that the main initiator of the volunteer movement in the Caucasus was the Caucasian governorship, and also, that the persecuted members of the ARF Dashnaktsutyun Party were allowed to return and take part in the formation of squads.

    KeywordsThe Caucasus Front I. I. Vorontsov-Dashkov N. N. Yudenich Armenian volunteer movement Andranik Dro Hamazasp Keri A. Manukian H. Zavrian Armenian Genocide Armenian Question Sarikamish Van Erzerum Trapezund Erzenka.

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  • Narine Dilbaryan - The basic words of the semantic field denoting the concept “Man” in the Ancient Armenian translation of the Book of Genesis
    14 Pages | 188-202 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-188 |

    Revceived on: 2023-06-19 | Reviewed on: 2023-06-26 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Linguistics

    A study of words relating to a man and society in the Book of Genesis shows that this semantic group has many verbal units for denoting basic concepts, whether they are simple roots or compound constructions that are combined into subgroups that complement each other. The words included in the subgroups of this semantic field have a rich spectrum in terms of the number of synonyms. Most of these words are of Indo-European origin: մարդ, այր, ծնունդ, մանուկ, հայր, մայր, եղբայր, քոյր, ուստր, դուստր, անդրանիկ, ծնունդ, ընտանիք տուն; there are several borrowings from Iranian (ազգ, տոհմ, զաւակ) and Syrian (տղայ).

    KeywordsBible Genesis ancient Armenian translation vocabulary semantic field of human meaning society root words borrowings.

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  • Gayane Chopuryan - Phonetic changes of diphthongs and triphthongs in the Armenian epigraphic inscriptions (12–16th centuries)
    14 Pages | 203-217 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-203 |

    Revceived on: 2023-06-09 | Reviewed on: 2023-07-03 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Linguistics

    The study of the transformations that diphthongs and triphthongs underwent in epigraphic inscriptions of the 12–16th centuries allows us to conclude that some cases of phonetic changes are widespread and characteristic of almost all the dialects and accents whereas the other part is limited not only chronologically, but also in terms of manifestation and functioning of phonetic changes. These changes from the point of view of the primary usage of some linguistic realities or new interpretation of existing phenomena are novation for the Middle Armenian language.

    Keywordsepigraphy Old Armenian Middle Armenian dialect simplification of a diphthong triphthongs diphthongization simplification phonetic combination.

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  • Sahak Tarontsi - “Dragon Stone” of Kharberd and its Cultural and Mythological context
    11 Pages | 246-257 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-246 |

    Revceived on: 2023-08-15 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-07 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Archaeology

    On the way from Harputa to Eliazig, two km east to the historical district of Kharberd in Western Armenia, a giant natural boulder is located on the edge of the road leading to the vineyard Gyolu, in the area rich in springs. This sprawling rock, half buried in the ground, resembles a serpentine sculpture of a mythical colossal animal with two identical smaller protrusions on both sides. Elderly locals call this rock formation in Turkish “'ejderha taşı” which means “dragon stone”.

    KeywordsArmenian Highland Sophene Kharberd dragon myth of petrification.

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  • Siranush Fahradyan - Inscriptions and images on the seals of the Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem in the XIX century
    19 Pages | 258-277 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-258 |

    Revceived on: 2023-06-20 | Reviewed on: 2023-07-18 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Archaeology

    A number of archival documents relating to the activities of the XIX century patriarchs of Armenian Apostolic Patriarchate of Jerusalem - Theodoros Vanetsi (1801-1818), Gabriel Nikomedatsi (1819-1840), Zakaria Kopetsi (1841-1846), Kirakos of Jerusalem (1846-1850), Hovhannes Zmyurnatsi (1850-1860), Esai Talastsi (1864-1885), Harutyun Vehapetyan (1889-1910), summarized in the archive of the Matenadaran after Mesrop Mashtots, have confirming seals.

    KeywordsArmenian patriarchate of Jerusalem archival documents seal church heraldry decoding of seal inscriptions Resurrection scene in the seals.

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  • Haykaz Gevorgyan - The ethnonym Tavaspar (On the problem of the origin of ethnonym of the Tabasaran people) (in Russ.)
    12 Pages | 278-290 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-278 |

    Revceived on: 2022-12-23 | Reviewed on: 2022-12-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Discussions

    Tabasarans (endonym – Tabasaranar) are concentrated in the southeastern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range from ancient times. These Dagestanian people, whose language belongs to the Lezgin group of the Ibero-Caucasian language family, is mentioned in the Armenian bibliography of the V century- in the works of M. Khorenatsi, Yeghishe and Buzand, in the form of ''t‘awaspar(k‘)''. Along with the Armenian sources, the medieval Arabic historiography plays an important role in the examination of the ethnonym of Tabasaran people, where the country of Tabasarans is mentioned as Tabarsaran and the people are called ahl ṭabarsaran (inhabitant of Tabarsaran) or al-ṭabarsaraniya (Tabarsaranian).

    KeywordsT‘awaspar Tabasarans ethnonym toponym North Caucasus Caucasian tribes Armenian historiography Arabic sources etymology The Caspian region Iran.

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  • Mikael Martirosyan - Great national figure and philanthropist: Poghos Nubar Pasha
    22 Pages | 3-25 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-3 |

    Revceived on: 2021-12-06 | Reviewed on: 2021-12-21 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-03-07

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    Among the Armenian national, public and political figures of the early 20th century, Poghos Nubar Pasha stands out with his patriotic activities. He was born in 1851 in Constantinople. As the son of Egyptian Prime Minister Nubar Pasha, he received a European education and began his career in France, later continuing his labour activities in Egypt. Poghos Nubar Pasha played a significant role in the national life of the Armenians of Egypt. He was the founder and lifetime honorary president of the General Armenian Benevolent Union. In 1912, the Catholicos of all Armenians, Gevorg the Fifth, appointed him head of the Armenian National Delegation in Europe.

    KeywordsPoghos Nubar Pasha Gevorg the Fifth Patriarchate of Constantinople Armenian National Delegation Armenian reforms Russian-Turkish agreement Treaty of Sevres AGBU great philanthropist national figure Marie Nubar.

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  • Gegham Hovhannisyan - The Young Turk movement and the Hnchakyans (end of the 19th c. – beginning of the 20th c.)
    14 Pages | 107-121 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-103 |

    Revceived on: 2021-10-01 | Reviewed on: 2022-01-10 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-01-20

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    At the end of the 19th century, during the rise of the national liberation movement of the Armenian people, the movement of the Young Turks – the Turkish opposition forces, was launched against the sultanate regime. The Young Turks sought to establish a constitutional, parliamentary order and put the country on a European path of development. Realizing that their forces were not sufficient to achieve this goal, the leaders of the movement tried to reach an agreement and cooperate with the subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire, including the political organizations of the Armenian people, who were fighting against the Sultanate tyranny.

    KeywordsYoung Turk Movement Hnchakyans Ottoman Empire reforms Armenian Question Autonomous Armenia Stepan Sapah-Gyulyan.

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  • Artsvik Suvaryan - Grammatical typology of subject and resultative participles of modern literary Eastern Armenian and German languages
    11 Pages | 189-200 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-185 |

    Revceived on: 2021-09-25 | Reviewed on: 2021-12-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-01-21

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    Subject participles of modern German and literary Eastern Armenian maintain the uniformity of composition. Resultative participle of German, due to the peculiarities of the verb, appears in two different forms of composition, by revealing certain peculiarities over composition of the Resultative participle in the Armenian language. Resultative participle is closely connected with the German verb system. Being one of the three main forms of the verb, it participates in the composition of compound finite tense forms and the Simple Past.

    Keywords grammatical typology Armenian and German languages Subject and Resultative Participles simultaneity pre-tense conditions active-passive voice literary Eastern Armenian Western Armenian resultative+ եմ/էի construction circumstantial functions.

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  • Sona Mikayelyan - Dialectal word layer of Arabic borrowings in the Armenian language
    8 Pages | 201-209 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-197 |

    Revceived on: 2021-07-01 | Reviewed on: 2021-07-12 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-03-27

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    The borrowed layer of vocabulary is an inseparable part of a language, formed at different stages of its historical development due to numerous extra-linguistic and linguistic factors. Synchronic and diachronic approaches to the study of borrowings aim at exploring the nature of the existing historical and cultural interrelations between the languages and the peoples of the given linguo-culture.

    Keywordsa borrowing Arabic borrowings in Armenian literary borrowings dialectal borrowings direct and mediated borrowings semantic and derivative changes active and passive borrowings.

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  • Aram Kosyan -
    15 Pages | 232-247 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-220 |

    Revceived on: 2021-12-23 | Reviewed on: 2021-12-25 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-01-10

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Discussions

    For the history of the Armenian Highland and particularly the emergence and development of Armenian nation, the geographical conditions had an important role. Its unbiased analysis can fundamentally change current dominant concepts. It is time for the in-depth study of our history in close relationship with the geographical and climatic peculiarities of the Armenian Highland, which definitely could contribute much for the solution of many problems which until now remain inexplicable. The impact of environment on society is divided into two spheres: 1) Constant influence of geographical environment, 2) global climatic fluctuations which sometimes cover many centuries, 3) natural disasters (volcanoes, earthquakes etc.). Below we shall briefly present first two factors.

    KeywordsEnvironment society geographical determinism climatic changes Armenian Highland.

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  • Ruben Sahakyan - Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan (A-Do)
    24 Pages | 9-33 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-9 |

    Revceived on: 2022-03-30 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-17 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-09

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / History

    Public-political figure Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan, known under the pseudonym A-Do, was born on January 4, 1867 in Nor Bayazet town. Here he received his primary education. In 1881 he moved to Yerevan where he graduated from a diocesan school and later studied at the Kharkov University (1905), at the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute (1907). A-Do was an eyewitness to the Russian Revolution (1905-1907), the Armenian-Tartar clashes (1905-1906). He thoroughly studied the causes of the clashes and wrote a special work on the conflict ‒ “Armenian-Turkish clash of 1905-1906” (1907).

    KeywordsA-Do Nor Bayаzet Yerevan Dashnaktsutyun Armenian-Tartar clashes Artsakh Van Rostom Aram Manukyan Nikol Aghbalyan February Revolution Salmast Sardarapat Garegin Nzhdeh.

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  • Henrik Khachatryan - The nakharar (princely) domаins of Armenian marzpanate (V-VI cc. AD) (in Russ.)
    15 Pages | 47-62 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-47 |

    Revceived on: 2022-02-28 | Reviewed on: 2022-03-09 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-05-31

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / History

    In 428 AD, the Persian king Vram V Gor (420/421-438/439 AD), by the agreement of most of Armenian nakharars, abolished the Arsacid kingdom (66-428 AD) in Armenia. After that, up to the 630s AD, Armenia turns into a Persian border administrative unit – marzpanate. Armenia, although had the status of marzpanate, it still retained internal autonomy in the basis of the nakharar system. The Armenian princes-nakharars remained the hereditary landowners of their territories. The nakhararutyun (principality) was ruled by the nakharar, who was the hereditary landowner of his territory and the nahapet or tanuter of his clan. In the Arshakuni and later in marzpanian Armenia, the lands were owned by three groups 1) the king (after 428 AD – the Sasanian king), 2) the church, 3) the nakharars. The principalities of the marzpanian period was quantitatively inferior to the royal one.

    KeywordsArmenian marzpanate nakharars Sasanians nakharar domains Mamikonyans Bagratunis Syunis Artsakh “Gahnamak”.

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  • Vachagan Avagyan - An overview of Archag Tchobanian’s life and activity
    25 Pages | 63-88 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-63 |

    Revceived on: 2022-05-26 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-01

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Literature

    Writer, editor-publicist, philologist, translator and public figure Archag Tchobanian (1872-1954) is one of the prominent representatives of Armenian culture. He had written since the early years, publishing his own or translated works in various Western-Armenian periodicals. In 1895 he edited the “Dzaghig” semi-monthly newspaper. In the same year, avoiding persecutions by the Turkish authorities, he moved to Paris, where he published the literary and artistic magazine “Anahit”. He composed in all literary genres. His works are characterized by the desire to overcome the one-sidedness of romantic poetry, to express the living features of reality.

    KeywordsArchag Tchobanian biography Paris “Anahit” editor writer art literary critic translator politics national liberation struggle Armenian issue patriotism.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan - Yuri Veselovsky and the Armenian reality
    32 Pages | 89-121 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-89 |

    Revceived on: 2022-05-16 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-06

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Literature

    This year marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of the famous Russian scientist-literary scholar, poet, translator, Armenologist, Yuri Aleksey Veselovsky – the first thorough researcher and propagandist of the history, literature and art of the Armenian people in Russia since the late 80s of the 19th century. His studies are a valuable contribution to the development of Armenology in Russia. The son of a professor at Moscow University, a talented researcher of world literature, the author of numerous articles and studies, Alexey Nikolaevich and translator Alexandra Adolfovna Veselovsky, and the nephew of Academician Alexander Nikolaevich Veselovsky – Yu. Veselovsky was born on July 6, 1872 in Moscow.

    Keywords Yu. Veselovsky Moscow Lazarian Seminary Armenian reality M. Berberyan Mkhitarist Congregation of Venice and Vienna Nor-Nakhijevan history of Armenia Armenian-Russian literrary ties theatre and playwrights S. Shahaziz A. Tsaturyan translations anniversary celebration lecture Baku “Armenian Bulletin”.

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  • Lusine Ghamoyan - Native Armenian words in the semantic field of “clothing”
    12 Pages | 188-200 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-188 |

    Revceived on: 2022-04-04 | Reviewed on: 2022-04-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-05-24

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Linguistics

    From Old Armenian a small number of indigenous Indo-European names denoting clothing or apparel have come down to us (according to the samples we have collected, about 3 dozens). Some of them have passed from Old Armenian, Middle Armenian and from dialects to modern literary Armenian: although it should be noted that some of these words are presumably native Indo-European. Many of the roots have undergone significant semantic changes over time: a) changed their primary meanings,

    Keywordsclothes semantic filed native Armenian words Proto-Indo-European Language root.

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  • Ruben Sahakyan - Sargis Mehrabian (Khanasori Vardan)
    26 Pages | 3-29 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-3 |

    Revceived on: 2022-07-14 | Reviewed on: 2022-10-18 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History

    A young man from Artsakh, Sargis Mehrabian, also known as Khanasori Vardan (Vardan of Khanasor) or simply Vardan, devoted himself to the Armenian Liberation Movement as early as 1890. Having received the baptism of fire in the campaign headed by Sargis Kukunian, he joined the Armenian Haiduk Movement. From 1894 to 1896, he took part in the self-defense of Van-Vaspurakan and carried out work on organizing resistance groups in Armenian settlements. The Khanasor expedition of 1897 can be considered the apogee of Vardan’s Haiduk activity against the Kurdish Mazrykan tribe. Having returned to the Caucasus ‒ Baku, he started writing his memoirs, which cover the events through 1894 to 1896.

    KeywordsSargis Mehrabian Shushi Van Sevkaretsi Sako Khanasor Simon Zavarian Cilicia Rostom Armenian-Tatar clashes First World War volunteer movement genocide Aram Manukian Baku Yerevan.

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  • Ararat Hakobyan - Historiographical assessment by academician Ashot Ioannisyan on the issues of the Russian orientation of the Armenian people
    16 Pages | 30-46 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-30 |

    Revceived on: 2022-07-25 | Reviewed on: 2022-09-28 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History

    Long-term scientific and research activity of the distinguished historian and preeminent party and government leader academician Ashot Ionnisyan (1887-1972), can be divided into two stages: pre-Soviet and Soviet. One of the important areas of his historical and scientific researches was the coverage of centuries old liberation struggle of the Armenian people that is summarized in his valuable monographs. For obvious reasons, the Soviet Armenian historiography gave an exaggerated assessment to the Russian orientation of the Armenian people, such as fateful, critical, turning point, etc. From the point of view of historical science, A. Ioannisyan's opinion and assessment put forward in his works of the pre-Soviet period appear to be more balanced and reasonable, particularly, on the issues of the Russian orientation of the Armenian people in connecttion with the activities of Israel Ori (1659-1711).

    KeywordsA. Ioannisyan Armenian people Russia Israel Ori orientation historiography assessment turning point “Excerpts” Peter the Great Ankeghakot Munich closing speech independence protector Minas vardapet indicator.

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  • Vardan Alexanyan - Armenian church in the period of restoration of the internal autonomy of Armenia (First half of the 9th century)
    22 Pages | 62-84 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-62 |

    Revceived on: 2022-06-21 | Reviewed on: 2022-06-23 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History

    In the VIII-IX centuries, feudal landownership, which constituted the economic basis of the Armenian Church, underwent structural changes. Newly built monasteries form their infrastructure and acquire large plots of land. In the context of interfaith disputes and attacks from Islam, the church strengthens its theoretical foundations and creates its own legislation. A clear definition of the ritual-religious and theological principles of the Armenian Church contributes to the development of awareness of national and religious identity.

    KeywordsArmenian church Arab rulers monastery religious persecution Bagarat Bagratuni David II Kakaghetsi Hovhannes IV Ovaetsi Mutavaqqil apostasy rebellion Tondrakian movement martyrdom.

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  • Lilit Hovhannisyan - The Russian–Turkish cooperation and the Moscow Treaty as of March 16, 1921, according to the assessment of the Armenian historical science (1991–2020)
    26 Pages | 20-46 |

    Revceived on: 2021-03-14 | Reviewed on: 2021-04-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-04-08

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    At present, the Armenian-Turkish state border is regulated by the Russian-Turkish “Treaty of friendship and brotherhood” signed on March 16, 1921 in Moscow. If in the Soviet Armenian historical science it was evaluated from the perspective of the political and ideological interests of the Soviet state, then the conclusions of the scientists of the Armenian Diaspora were and remain based on the national and state interests of the Armenians.

    KeywordsSoviet Russia Kemalist Turkey National covenant Russian–Turkish negotiations Moscow Treaty Armenian Question Western Armenia Kars province Surmalu district Nakhichevan Alexandropol.

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  • Gegham Hovhannisyan - Armenian national-political issues in “Yeritasard Hayastan” periodical (1908–1914)
    19 Pages | 79-98 |

    Revceived on: 2020-09-11 | Reviewed on: 2020-09-17 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-01-29

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    The main issue of the Armenian national-political life in the early 20th century towards which the efforts of Armenian national parties were directed was the liberation of the Western Armenians from the Turkish yoke. After the Young Turkish coup in 1908 and the adoption of the Constitution in the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian political forces faced a new task – choosing ways of further actions to protect the rights of the Armenian people. The policy of the Young Turkish government, as well as many issues of the Armenian national-political life, were widely discussed in the pages of “Yeritasard Hayastan” (“Young Armenia”) periodical of the Hnchak Social Democratic Party which was the main party organ in the United States.

    Keywords“Yeritasard Hayastan” Stepan Sapah-Gulian Western Armenians Turkey tyranny liberation struggle socialism revolutionary movement.

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  • Hermine Baburyan, Taron Danielyan - Advertisement as a parody in the Armenian periodical press of Tiflis (the 90s of the 19th c. – the early 20th c.)
    11 Pages | 99-110 |

    Revceived on: 2020-12-01 | Reviewed on: 2020-12-09 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-02-02

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    In the 90s of the 19th c. – the 10s of the 20th cc., the Armenian periodical press of Tiflis developed a culture of covering topical issues of reality in small genre forms of satire. With the help of parody, newspaper editorial offices reflected many aspects of pressing problems, denounced national public and political figures, the policy of the state and foreign countries, and also set the tone for public opinion.

    Keywords“Khatabala” “Hayeli” “Taraz” “Nor-Dar” Armenian periodical press satire.

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  • Knar Harutyunyan - Idioms in the “History of Armenia” By Ghazar Parpetsi not recorded in the dictionaries of Old Armenian․
    10 Pages | 159-169 |

    Revceived on: 2020-09-16 | Reviewed on: 2020-09-08 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-01-29

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    The study of Old Armenian (Grabar) idioms has got a comparatively short history, so there are some questions which have not been solved conclusively. One of them is the problem of the idioms not recorded in the dictionaries. The study of the vocabulary of “History of Armenia” by the 5th century historian Ghazar Parphetsi revealed 29 new idioms not included in either the phraseological or other dictionaries of the Old Armenian language.

    KeywordsOld Armenian (Grabar) idioms dictionary of idioms vocabulary idioms not recorded in the dictionaries structural analysis morphological classification Ghazar Parpetsi “History of Armenia”.

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  • Sargis Avetyan - The morphological status of the stem-final vowels of Indo-European nominal stems in Old Armenian
    9 Pages | 170-179 |

    Revceived on: 2020-11-21 | Reviewed on: 2021-01-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-03-05

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    The morphological status of the stem-final vowels of Indo-European nominal stems in Old Armenian is characterized and interpreted differently by different scholars. According to the principles of morphological analysis, the vocalic elements should be regarded as oblique-stem markers in Old Armenian nominal declension.

    Keywordsthe stem-final vowels of Indo-European nominal stems oblique-stem markers oblique cases penultimate syllable intensity accent Old Armenian Middle Armenian the principles of morphological analysis nominal declensioncase endings nominative accusative.

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  • Aelita Dolukhanyan - The byzantinist and Armenologist with international fame
    23 Pages | 7-30 |

    Revceived on: 2021-05-25 | Reviewed on: 2021-06-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-15

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    Nicholas Adonts (1871–1942) is one of the outstanding Armenian scholars who received an excellent education in Russia and Europe. During his studies at the University of St. Petersburg and later, when he improved his knowledge in well-known educational centers of Europe – in London, Paris, Vienna, Strasbourg and Munich, Adonts had the support of the great national benefactor Alexander Mantashiants.

    KeywordsN. Adonts Saint Petersburg armenologist byzantinist monumental works Brussels Paris Armenian question Armenian Church multilingual.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan - Osip Mandelstam: Poet and time. Armenia in his life
    41 Pages | 46-87 |

    Revceived on: 2021-02-23 | Reviewed on: 2021-07-02 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-07-07

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    Osip Mandelstam (1891–1938) – a prominent Russian poet (Jewish by origin), art theorist, translator – takes a special place in the history of the Soviet literature. In the 1920–1930s, Mandelstam, being non-party man and not constantly being member of any literary association, tasted all the misfortunes that befell the intellectual class of his generation and great many ordinary Soviet citizens; he faced repressions, he was arrested twice, was sent into exile where he died.

    KeywordsO. Mandelstam N. Mandelstam N. Bukharin I. Erenburg S. Ter-Gabrielyan M. Shahinyan Yerevan Shushi Tiflis Ye. Charents Armenian theme “Journey to Armenia”.

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  • Gayane Makhmourian - Tragedy of Shushi on March 23–26, 1920, as exposed in domestic and foreign historiography (in Russ.)
    21 Pages | 112-133 |

    Revceived on: 2021-03-31 | Reviewed on: 2021-04-07 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-07

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    On March 23, 1920, Turkish-Azerbaijani troops with the Moslem dwellers profited of the preemptive strike, undertook by the small detachment under plenipotentiary of the ARFD Bureau Arsen Mikayelian, and fulfilled a massacre of the Shushi Armenians with a burning the city down. This events are testified in the memoirs of the witnesses together with great amount of archival material. The total destruction of Shushi is elucidated by historians of the Republic of Armenia, as well as by Diaspora and foreign specialists.

    Keywords Shushi March 23–26 1920 Mountainous Karabakh Artsakh 8th Congress of Karabakh Armenians self-defense insurrection preemptive strike historiography.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - The legislative regulation of the legal status of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Georgian Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in post-Soviet Georgia
    15 Pages | 134-149 |

    Revceived on: 2021-06-07 | Reviewed on: 2021-06-14 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-24

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    Since independence, Georgia has not adopted a law regulating the field of religious organizations and defining their rights and obligations (“Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations”). The relations between the latter and the state are regulated by a constitutional agreement approved by the Parliament as of October 22, 2002.

    KeywordsGeorgia religious organizations Georgian Orthodox Church legal status constitutional agreement Civil Code legal entity under public law Armenian Apostolic Church Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in Georgia property rights churches.

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  • David Gasparyan - The border of history and art (According to the novel “The White Horseman” by Hamastegh)
    21 Pages | 150-171 |

    Revceived on: 2021-04-22 | Reviewed on: 2021-04-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-05-10

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    The novel “The White Horseman” without Chapters 3 and 4 was published in “Hayrenik” magazine of Boston (1931, №. 7, 1933, №. 12) and then in a separate book in Los Angeles (vols. 1–2, 1952), in one volume in Yerevan (2016). The time included in the novel is the 1890s. This is a novel with a historical-political program, but it is not a historical novel. There are historical hidden figures among the heroes: Cherchi Kiros – Hrayr Dzhoghk (Armenak Ghazaryan (1864–1904), Malkhas – Gevorg Chaush (Gevorg Ghazaryan) (1870–1907)), Nairyan – the conventional image of an ideological leader. The novel has a cer¬tain ideological orientation: shortly after the Genocide, the loss of the homeland, it tries to instill in the people the spirit of victory, even the dream of victory.

    Keywords Hamastegh “The White Horseman” Martik Cherchi Kiros Berdak Vardadzor fedayi liberation war Armenian Kurdish Turkish homeland struggle heroes victory.

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  • Vachagan Avagyan - On relations between Father Ghevond Alishan and Vladimir Stasov
    6 Pages | 172-178 |

    Revceived on: 2021-05-05 | Reviewed on: 2021-05-10 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-01

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    Famous Russian academician, prominent art theorist and archaeologist Vladimir Stasov (1824–1906), while studying ancient Slavonic and Eastern ornamental sculptures, in 1880 visited a number of cities in Europe and the East. In Venice he visited the Mekhitarist congregation and met Father Ghevond Alishan (1820–1901) – a prominent figure of Armenian culture. With Alishan’s assistance, Stasov studied the miniature paintings of ancient Armenian manuscripts from Mekhitarian collection.

    KeywordsFather Alishan Stasov scientist Russian Armenian culture relations correspondence study observation assessment hypothesis.

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  • Narek Martirosyan - The ways of solving the land issue according to the Armenian deptuies of the Ottoman Parliament
    14 Pages | 195-209 |

    Revceived on: 2021-05-07 | Reviewed on: 2021-06-15 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-23

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    At the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the land issue remained a priority among many socio-economic, socio-political, national and other issues of Western Armenia. The land issue arose as a result of the deprivation of the Armenians of Western Armenia, the genocide, illegal taxation, the resettlement of Muslims, and other arbitrariness.

    Keywords: Ottoman parliament Armenian deputies Western Armenia land issue Armenian patriarchy in Constantinople commitee of land grabbing land law Imperial edict.

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  • Verjine Svazlyan - Relics of the oral tradition of the Artsakh Armenians emigrated to Pyatigorsk (According to the materials recorded by the author)
    14 Pages | 210-224 |

    Revceived on: 2021-03-09 | Reviewed on: 2021-03-10 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-03-30

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    In 1964, under the auspice of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia, I have a scientific trip to Pyatigorsk to study the ethnic Armenians living there. When I reached my destination, I was informed that there was a district where Armenians of Karabakh (Artsakh) lived. For me, as a folklorist-ethnographer, it was interesting to know what changes they had undergone under the conditions of coexistence with the local people, whether they remained sincere to the traditions of their cradle, etc.

    KeywordsPyatigorsk Karabakh Artsakh Russia narrator oral tradition epic lyric and saying folklore Armenian dialect.

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  • Murad Ohanyan - The heirs to the orders of administration of the Achaemenids
    27 Pages | 238-265 |

    Revceived on: 2021-01-28 | Reviewed on: 2021-02-12 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-05-17

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Discussions

    The administration orders and structures of the Parthian and Sasanian powers are almost exactly repeating the models of Achaemenid governance. Various evidence and facts have been preserved about that, especially about the Sasanian power. According to them, this power was divided into five administrative-territorial units with “Center + 4 peripheral regions” principle.

    KeywordsAchaemenid power Parthian power Sasanian power Darius I Ardashir I Shapur I Elam Kul-e Farah Sumer Urnanshe Greater Armenia Tigran the Great Bundahišn “Armenian geography” spahbed pitiaxae.

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  • David Gasparyan - Petros Duryan’s artistic world
    27 Pages | 32-59 | DOI: Doi.10.52853/01350536-2021.3-32 |

    Revceived on: 2021-07-22 | Reviewed on: 2021-08-17 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-10-11

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Articles, reports

    This year marks the 170th anniversary of the birth of the classic of Armenian literature Petros Duryan. He lived only 20 years, turning his death into a poem, passing away with incurable tuberculosis. Still a schoolboy Duryan became known as a poet and playwrighter. He wrote his first poem at the age of 13 and his first drama at the age of 15.

    KeywordsPetros Duryan Western Armenian ne–she theater to love to break an oath pond murmur death grave memory Armenia Constantinople Scutar.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - The issue of the affiliation of Armenian churches in the Georgian press (the 1st decade of the 21st century)
    30 Pages | 72-102 | DOI: Doi.10.52853/01350536-2021.3-72 |

    Revceived on: 2021-09-21 | Reviewed on: 2021-11-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-11-22

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Articles, reports

    The religious organizations operating in Georgia (including the Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church of Georgia) throughout the post-Soviet period demanded the adoption of a law on religious organizations and the return of property confiscated during the Soviet era, historical and architectural monuments, land, etc. These demands, however, have always been confronted with the rigid and denialist positions of the Georgian secular and spiritual authorities, as well as the socio-political and scientific circles.

    KeywordsGeorgia Georgian Orthodox Church Tbilisi Armenian Apostolic Church Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in Georgia churches Javakhk Lori Gugark Tayk orthodox Armenians Georgian socio-political and scientific circles press.

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  • Ruben Sahakyan - On the Turkish occupation of Alexandropol and its province (According to the 1920–1921 reports of the newspaper “Communist”)
    17 Pages | 103-120 | DOI: Doi.10.52853/01350536-2021.3-103 |

    Revceived on: 2021-09-11 | Reviewed on: 2021-09-15 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-10-01

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Articles, reports

    In Autumn 1920, the Armenian army was severely defeated by Kemalist troops. On November 17. 1920, the Turkish army entered the city of Alexandropol and organized the Revolutionary Committee consisting of local Communists, which in fact became an appendage of the invaders. The residents of the city and the province were subjected to daily illegal actions by the enemy: arrests, confiscations of property, murders. All diplomatic notes or statements of the leadership of Soviet Armenia remained unanswered.

    KeywordsAlexandropol Turkish occupation newspaper “Communist” Armenian Genocide M. Ter-Grigoryan A. Nurijanyan S. Kasyan A. Bekzadyan P. Makintsyan.

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  • Lusine Sahakyan - Some observations on the relationship of Komitas Vardapet with the Armenian Apostolic Church
    12 Pages | 121-133 | DOI: Doi.10.52853/01350536-2021.3-121 |

    Revceived on: 2021-08-25 | Reviewed on: 2021-09-08 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-10-17

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Articles, reports

    Komitas Vardapet’s relationship with the Armenian Apostolic Church has not been studied in depth to this day. During the Soviet era, the attitude towards Komitas was unilateral as he was a member of Etchmiadzin Congregation. Modern studies on Komitas present a new approach to this issue of Komitas’s biography. The present article is another attempt to look at the relationship of Komitas with the Church in a new light, with new perspectives. In the article, Komitas’s relationship with the Armenian Apostolic Church is examined in two directions:․

    KeywordsKomitas Vardapet Holy Etchmiadzin Armenian Apostolic Church spiritual heritage music culture.

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  • Anna Asatryan - Memories of the contemporaries about Bedros Adamian (in Eng.)
    4 Pages | 262-266 |

    Revceived on: 2021-06-28 | Reviewed on: 0001-01-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-01

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Reviews

    Bedros Adamian (1849–1891), genius of the Armenian stage, prematurely passed away 130 years ago in 1891, on the 4th of June, at the age of 42. He left a lasting trace with his 300 roles in the history of the Armenian culture. Adamian’s art got organically interwoven into the history of the Armenian theatre. “In the summer of 1890, famous tragic actor Bedros Adamian toured Simferopol (A. A.).

    KeywordsBedros Adamian Rouben Zaryan Armenian theatre Armenian actors Shakespeare.

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  • Samvel Ramazyan - The Armenian-Hellenic relations and General Andranik (1912–1922)
    32 Pages | 3-35 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-3 |

    Revceived on: 2024-10-09 | Reviewed on: 2025-01-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

    Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History

    Famous commander, General Andranik (Andranik Ozanyan, 1865–1927), throughout all his activity, stayed in touch with the Greek people and cooperated with Greece. During the First Balkan War of 1912–1913 Andranik with the Armenian volunteer company of the Bulgarian Army participated in the liberation and defence of Greek settlements from Ottoman troops in Macedonia and Thrace and provided necessary support to the local Greek population.

    KeywordsGeneral Andranik Greece Armenian Company Garegin Nzhdeh Eleftherios Venizelos Hellenic Army Thessaloniki Arshak Mnatsakanyan (Armen Syni) Smyrna Yeghishe Kadjuni.

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  • Armine Tigranyan - Azerbaijan’s policy of destruction and appropriation of the cultural heritage of the Armenians of Artsakh in the context of violation of cultural rights (in Eng.)
    33 Pages | 195-228 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-195 |

    Revceived on: 2024-09-11 | Reviewed on: 2024-11-24 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

    Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / Cultural studies

    The war unleashed by Azerbaijan against Artsakh on September 27, 2020, and the subsequent developments (the transfer of Artsakh’s historical territory under Azerbaijan’s control and the complete depopulation of Artsakh of its Armenian population) demonstrate that the systematic destruction of Armenian heritage has directly violated the cultural rights of the Armenians of Artsakh–depriving them of the ability to preserve and pass on their heritage to future generations. These destructions continue to this day on an alarming scale, deepening the crisis and erasing the Armenian presence in Artsakh.

    KeywordsArtsakh Armenian cultural heritage cultural rights Azerbaijan heritage destruction appropriation forced displacement․

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  • Avetis Harutyunyan - On the Issue of denial of the concept of “Rebellion” of Van in 1915
    30 Pages | 3-33 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-3 |

    Revceived on: 2025-05-15 | Reviewed on: 2025-05-22 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / History

    One of the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Turkey was the province of Van, the center of which was the ancient Armenian city Van. In April of 1915, the Armenians organized self-defense in Van and in a number of other places to escape the Turkish massacres. The issue of self-defense of Van has both political and scientific significance, as it caused rupture in relations between the Armenian and Turkish peoples living in the Ottoman Empire and was one of the motives for the Armenian Genocide in 1915.

    KeywordsVan “rebellion” in 1915 self-defense massacre forgery riot Pan-Turkism the Armenian Genocide Turkish diplomacy position of European diplomacy.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - Coverage of Javakhk Armenians’ life on the pages of “Javakhk” montly newspaper (In the early 1990s)
    21 Pages | 51-72 |

    Revceived on: 2025-05-15 | Reviewed on: 2025-06-24 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / History

    “Javakhk” newspaper, founded by the “Javakhk” people’s movement, was published in Akhalkalaki from 1990 to 1998. Although the newspaper was published with irregular periodicity and in limited circulation, it served as a platform for spreading new ideas in the social and political life of the Javakhk Armenians in the period of the collapse of the USSR and the first years of the independence of Georgia.

    KeywordsCollapse of the USSR Georgia Javakhk Armenians “Javakhk” people’s movement “Javakhk” monthly newspaper support for Artsakh.

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  • Armen Manukyan - Nikol Aghbalyan: Life and Activity
    22 Pages | 101-123 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-101 |

    Revceived on: 2025-03-03 | Reviewed on: 2025-03-14 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / Literary studies

    Nikol Aghbalyan (1875–1947) was one of the outstanding Armenian figures of the late 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, a literary critic, public and political figure, statesman and teacher. His formation as an individual, an Armenian and public figure was greatly influenced by his birthplace (Havlabar quarter in Tiflis), the art of Sayat Nova, Armenian medieval literature, European and Russian literature and critical thought; it should be also mentioned the priceless role of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

    KeywordsNikol Aghbalyan Tiflis Sayat-Nova Armenian medieval literature literary studiesminister emigration Armenian Lyceum in Beirut.

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  • Tamar Hayrapetyan - Reflection of the initiation ceremony in one group of Armenian and Italian fairy tales
    16 Pages | 157-173 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-157 |

    Revceived on: 2025-02-10 | Reviewed on: 2025-02-13 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / Folklore studies

    A comparative analysis of the Armenian “Three eggs” and Italian “Three oranges” fairy tales corresponding to number 408 of the international clas¬sifi-cation of “Types of folk tales” by the German philologist Hans-Jorg Utter, shows that the transition from one age group to another had different manifestations and symbolic codes in the folklore of different peoples, but they all considered the rite of passage into premarital maturity to be the most important, since not everyone managed to overcome it.

    Keywords initiation ritual group of Armenian and Italian fairy tales Hans-Jörg Uther archaic thinking orange egg fairy tale symbol plot myth.

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  • Armen Karapetyan - Coverage of the Armenian volunteer movement in the “Horizon” newspaper (October 1914 – July 1916)
    16 Pages | 41-57 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-41 |

    Revceived on: 2025-09-07 | Reviewed on: 2025-10-31 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / History

    The forerunner of the Armenian volunteer movement was the fedayeen movement, which arose in Western Armenia at the end of the 19th century as a stronghold of armed resistance against the Ottoman enslavers. The volunteer movement was the continuation of the national liberation struggle and was driven by the aspiration of the Armenians to liberate Western Armenia from Ottoman oppression. The formation of the movement was also supported by the favorable position of Tsarist Russia, the authorities of which encouraged it in every possible way.

    KeywordsWorld War I Armenian volunteer regiments the ''Horizon'' newspaper massacres Armenian refugees defensive battles the Tsarist authorities heroic commanders liberated Van

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  • Chake Mangassarian-Menkechian (Dubai) - The peculiarities of the current stage of development of the Armenian community in the UAE (in Eng.)
    24 Pages | 58-82 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-58 |

    Revceived on: 2025-10-30 | Reviewed on: 2025-11-03 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / History

    The evolution of the Armenian community in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the early 21st century is characterized by distinct features influenced by both the state’s development and internal Armenian dynamics. This article delves into the key aspects of the community’s progress in the UAE, focusing on cultural preservation, Armenian media, community activities, migration patterns, and efforts to uphold Armenian heritage through institutions like churches and one-day and Sunday schools.

    KeywordsUAE Armenian community press and online media churches day and Sunday schools migration event analysis

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  • Aelita Dolukhanyan - Avetik Isahakyan’s art is addressed to humanity for ages to come
    28 Pages | 95-123 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-95 |

    Revceived on: 2025-10-14 | Reviewed on: 2025-10-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / Literary studies

    From early ages, a famous Armenian poet Avetik Isahakyan (1875–1957) was distinguished by his extraordinary abilities and exceptional desire for knowledge. Being almost a young man, having acquired important knowledge about the centuries-old history of the Armenian people and its literature of the past, he traveled to Europe. With an exactitude characteristic of a genius, he studied world history and literature – East and West.

    KeywordsIsahakyan Varpet (Master) multi-genre “Abou-Lala Mahari” “Usta Karo” ballads folklore the Armenian Question jubilee

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  • Gor Abrahamyan - The first Republic of Armenia and the issue of the loss of independence in the publicistic writings of Vahan Tekeyan (1918–1922)
    20 Pages | 137-157 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-137 |

    Revceived on: 2025-04-30 | Reviewed on: 2025-05-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-01-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / Literary studies

    The perception and interpretation of the First Republic of Armenia in the publicistic writings of Vahan Tekeyan (1878–1945), an outstanding Western Armenian and later Diaspora writer, publicist, socio-political figure, and a prominent representative of the Armenian liberal-democratic political movement, are examined in the context of the Armenian Question, the restoration of national statehood, and subsequently the loss of sovereignty.

    KeywordsVahan Tekeyan publicistic writings the First Republic of Armenia Armenian Question Diaspora national identity Western Armenia

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  • Armen Petrosyan - Indo-European “Black” youth fraternities, mythological twins, and foundation of cities
    20 Pages | 200-220 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-200 |

    Revceived on: 2025-09-07 | Reviewed on: 2025-10-31 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / Discussions

    In Indo-European studies, the existence of fraternities of young warriors was restored; they, under the guidance of mentors, were engaged in hunting and plundering and lived in the outlying territories of the tribe for several years. Only after this, having undergone the initiation ritual, the young men could become full members of the tribe, get married, and own property. These brotherhoods played a key role in the spread of Indo-Europeans throughout Eurasia.

    KeywordsIndo-European youth fraternities Indo-European mythology Indo-European onomastics Armenian epic folklore Armavir Romove Rome

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  • Aelita Dolukhanyan - Significance of Saint-Martin’s Valuable Legacy in Armenian Studies
    17 Pages | 49-66 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-49 |

    Revceived on: 2026-02-24 | Reviewed on: 2026-03-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

    Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / Literary studies

    A.-J. Saint-Martin (1791–1832) is the founder of not only French but also European scientific Armenian studies. The two volumes of the monumental work “Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur l’Arménie”, published in 1818 and 1819, compelled European Orientalists to turn their attention to Armenia – to the rich literature and history of the country that was the first in the East to adopt Christianity at the state level. Knowledge of the history and literature of Armenia presented a universal value.

    KeywordsSaint-Martin Arsacids Byuzand Khorenatsi Aygektsi Martiros Yerznkatsi S. Orbelian Hripsime Mkhitarists Armenian historians.

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  • Tatul Asoyan - Founder of the Mekhitarist Congregation: Mkhitar Sebastatsi
    23 Pages | 82-105 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-82 |

    Revceived on: 2026-02-21 | Reviewed on: 2026-03-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

    Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / Linguistics

    The focus of the founder of the Mkhitarist Congregation, Mkhitar Sebastatsi (1676–1749) and his disciples was the Armenian language, and it was exactly in this field of study that they achieved unprecedented success. It is well known that both prominent Armenologists of the time and Sebastatsi himself were primarily interested in Grabar (Classical Armenian), whereas Ashkharhabar (Modern Armenian) remained largely outside the scope of their attention. Nevertheless, Sebastatsi authored the first grammar of the emerging Western Armenian language, in which he advocated for its purification and standardization, simultaneously calling for the elimination of Latinisms from Grabar.

    Keywords Mkhitar Sebastatsi Mkhitarist Congregation Grabar Ashkharhabar dictionary lexicography Western Armenian grammar abbot Catholics.

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  • Vazgen Hambardzumyan - Armenological Inheritance of Arsen Aytinian
    19 Pages | 106-125 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-106 |

    Revceived on: 2025-05-26 | Reviewed on: 2025-07-07 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

    Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / Linguistics

    Arsen Aytinian (1825–1902), a prominent representative of European Armenian studies, a theorist of linguistics and a practical researcher of the history of the Armenian language. He left an indelible mark on the advancement of Armenian studies in the field of linguistics and philology in general. The activity of the Vienna Mekhitarist Congregation in the second half of the 19th century is fully connected with his name. He was an authority in the field of Armenian language in the context of general and theoretical linguistics of his time - a field that has broadly illuminated the development of Armenian studies from the very beginning and to this day.

    KeywordsArsen Aytinian armenology social nature of the language evolution. permanence synchronizm Old Armenian (Grabar) / New Armenian (Ashkharabar) literary language / dialects.

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  • Anna Asatryan, Lilit Hakobyan - The opera “Parvana” by Nikol Galanderyan: the Forgotten Echo of Armenian Romanticism (in Eng.)
    18 Pages | 161-179 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-161 |

    Revceived on: 2026-03-07 | Reviewed on: 2026-03-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

    Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / Arts

    In the history of Armenian music, certain names endure forever. One of them is the Iranian-Armenian composer, pedagogue, and musical-public figure Nikol Galanderyan (1881–1944). His opera “Parvana”, whose libretto is written to Hovhannes Tumanyan’s legend of the same name, is a unique fusion of folk mysticism. Oriental lyricism and traditions of European classical opera. Galanderyan created the said opera in a historically complicated period (the first half of the XX century), while living and creating in Tehran. “Parvana” is the first and, perhaps, for now the only attempt to bring to the opera stage Tumanyan’s profound national, almost mystical text.

    KeywordsNikol Galanderyan Hovhannes Tumanyan the opera “Parvana” musical Tumanyaneana Iranian–Armenian music.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan - Yuri Veselovsky on Armenian Theater and Theatrical Figures
    31 Pages | 180-211 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-180 |

    Revceived on: 2026-02-06 | Reviewed on: 2026-03-22 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

    Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / Arts

    History, culture and literature of the Armenian people were subjects of comprehensive study conducted by Yuri Veselovsky (1872–1919), a famous Russian scientist, literary critic, philologist, translator and Armenologist. The great humanist believed it essential to acquaint the Russian society with the centuries-old history of the Armenian people, with its rich cultural heritage. The scientist's research in these fields is a valuable contribution to the development of Armenian studies in Russia.

    KeywordsYu. Veselovsky Armenian ancient drama theaters in Constantinople and Tiflis theatrical figures P. Adamian M. Peshiktashlian G. Sundukian P. Kornel L. Shant.

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