Historical and philological journal
PUBLISHED SINCE 1958

ԼՈՒՅՍ Է ՏԵՍՆՈՒՄ 1958 ԹՎԱԿԱՆԻՑ
Историко-филологический журнал
ИЗДАЕТСЯ С 1958 ГОДА
  • Gayane Makhmourian - On the historical and political assessment of the Treaty of Moscow, dated march 16 (18) 1921 (in Eng.)
    24 Pages | 15-39 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-15 |

    Revceived on: 2023-12-14 | Reviewed on: 2024-03-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    Although officially dated 16 March 1921, the Treaty of Moscow signed by the Soviet Russia and Kemalist Turkey on 18 March 1921 exemplifies a highly politicized text which reflects the pragmatism and revolutionary zeal of the beneficiary parties. At the same time it completely ignores the funda¬mental norms of democracy and International Law. This document was concluded by the illegitimate Turkish side as evidenced by the fact that the Ottoman Empire was at that time officially ruled by the Sultan with his Cabinet in Constantinople as well as by the fact that the Kemalists referred to the National Pact (adopted by the Ottoman metropolitan Parliament on 28 January 1920) in the Article I of the Treaty of Moscow. The Kemalists emphasized this way their collaboration with the official authorities and a range of other circumstances.

    Keywords Treaty of Moscow 1921 Republic of Armenia RSFSR Kemalist Turkey Region of Kars Surmalu Nakhijevan Artsakh (Mountainous Karabakh) Azerbaijan Georgia.

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  • Ashot Manucharyan - Episcopal diocese of Vanand (IV–VIII centuries)
    9 Pages | 40-49 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-40 |

    Revceived on: 2023-04-20 | Reviewed on: 2023-05-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    The episcopacy of Vanand was one of the ancient 12/13 dioceses of Armenia, which were confirmed by St. Gregory the Illuminator at the beginning of the 4th century. Some time later, with the second diocesan branch of St. Gregory the Illuminator, it became the 15th among the 30 (36) major dioceses of Armenia, occupying a central place. The episcopacy of Vanand played a decisive role in the national church affairs of the country in the early Middle Ages.

    Keywordsepiscopacy diocese Vanand ancient main central place Middle Ages national church Catholicos.

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  • Avetis Harutyunyan - Van province during the governorship of Hasan Tahsin (1913–1914)
    17 Pages | 70-87 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-70 |

    Revceived on: 2023-04-12 | Reviewed on: 2023-06-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    After the overthrow of the party Ittihat in 1913, Hassan Tahsin Bey was appointed the new governor of Van (1913–1915). Being an Ittihatian, he, unlike other Young Turks, was not an ardent nationalist. H. Tahsin had a friendly attitude towards Armenians and understood the national peculiarities of the local conditions. Thanks to his personal qualities, he managed to spread the spirit of solidarity in the province of Van and for the first time took drastic measures to settle Armenian-Kurdish relations, clean the province of Van from bandits, suppress the resistance of the rebellious sheikhs, resolve disputed land issues and improve educational work in the province.

    KeywordsVan province H. Tahsin Ittihat party land issue Armenian-Kurdish relations educational problems party life Dashnaktsutyun party N. Hoff.

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  • - From the history of religious contradictions in the Armenian community of Constantinople (1715–1764)
    17 Pages | 3-20 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-3 |

    Revceived on: 2024-10-04 | Reviewed on: 2024-10-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History

    During the reign of Armenian Patriarch Hovhannes Kolot of Constantinople, thanks to his prudence, frequent outbreaks of splits in the Armenian Community were prevented. Negotiation processes with Armenian Catholics were expanded. For Hovhannes Kolot and his associates, the basis of the dialogues was that the Catholics being members of the Armenian Community should refrain from confrontations against the national church, which would also help to avoid persecution by the state. Instead, as the facts show, the leaders of the community provided Armenian Catholics a stage (for sermons) in the national churches, banned the anti-Chalcedonian demonstrations in those churches, etc. In a number of issues, Hovhannes Kolot cooperated with the French ambassador to Constantinople, who was guided not by religious limitations but by the political interests of France.

    KeywordsArmenian Community of Constantinople Armenian Catholics Hovhannes Kolot Grigor Shirvantsi (Shgtayakir) St. Hakobyants Monastery Hakop Nalyan Petros Kyutur religious contradictions Angora translated Catholic literature.

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  • Albert Kharatyan - The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Greek–Armenian confrontation around the Holy Places (1700s–1730s)
    18 Pages | 55-73 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.1-55 |

    Revceived on: 2023-01-29 | Reviewed on: 2023-02-13 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / History

    Since the end of the 17th century, the Armenian Patriarchates of Jerusalem and Constantinople have faced trials and overcoming their grave consequences. The Patriarchate of Constantinople, weakened by theological strife, was unable to maintain the inviolability of the Jerusalem monastery of St. Jacob. The monastery was at the mercy of adventurers and greedy representatives of the local elite, who ruthlessly plundered the property of the monastery. The frequent change of patriarchs led to the fact that even the very existence of the Armenian congregation in Jerusalem was called into question.

    KeywordsArmenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople properties of Holy Places Hovhannes Hannah Patriarch Avetik Patriarch Hovhannes Kolot Patriarch Grigor Shirvantsi Faizullah Mufti Greek Patriarch Meletios of Jerusalem.

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  • Vardan Alexanyan - Hovhannes Draskhanakertsi, Catholicos-Ideologist of Armenian statehood
    31 Pages | 3-34 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-3 |

    Revceived on: 2023-01-25 | Reviewed on: 2023-01-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    Hovhannes Draskhanakertsi headed the catholicos throne during an epochal historical period, when the newly created Armenian statehood faced difficult external and internal challenges, and the church was severely tested. The conflicts of the ruling houses, characteristic of the era of developed feudalism, divided Armenia and undermined its political integrity. This situation posed a real threat to the independence and confessional independence of the Armenian Church. Therefore, the Armenian Patriarch supported the efforts aimed at preserving the political unity of Armenia at any cost.

    Keywords Ovannes Draskhanakertci Smbat I Ashot the Iron Yusouf solidarity conciliatory mediation princes inter-princely confrontations political integrity ideologist persecution correspondence Byzantium Dvin Vaspurakan Arab raids.

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  • Petros Demirchyan - The problem of the mystery of existence in the thinking system of Yeghia Temirchipashyan
    10 Pages | 164-174 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-164 |

    Revceived on: 2022-12-19 | Reviewed on: 2022-12-20 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / Philosophy

    During the active period of Yeghia Temirchipashyan's activity (1851-1908), in the last quarter of the 19th century, the mysteries of existence: the issues of matter and soul, life, death and immortality were the subject of permanent discussions of the literary, scientific and philosophical thought of the time. The mentioned questions in the true sense of the word were oppressing Yeghia Temirchipashyan's mind and soul. In the end, he stops before the Mystery of Death, the End, the Mystery of Nothing. Yeghia Temirchipashyan's point of view, of course, did not end with the wisdom of the Great Nothing. Particularly, his work ''The influence of the Buddha'', published under the name Nuria and defined as philosophical novel by the author himself, sheds light on this issue. From this we learn that he was deeply fascinated by the idea of Nirvana while studying Indian history, language, religion and philosophy at school.

    KeywordsYeghia Temirchipashyan matter soul life death love existence simple complex mystery Nirvana.

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  • Ani Saratikyan - Hovsep Abovyants and his water construction activities
    8 Pages | 232-240 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-232 |

    Revceived on: 2023-01-11 | Reviewed on: 2023-01-14 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / Archaeology

    In the XIX-XX centuries, active water construction works were carried out on the territory of Armenia. An important part of this process was the territory of the current Tavush marz. Educated specialists, one of whom was Hovsep Abovyants, made a great contribution to the construction of reservoirs, springs and irrigation systems in the region. We are informed about the details of this construction works and current costs from his handwritten diary.

    KeywordsHovsep Abovyants Tavush Koti Barekamavan Alaverdi family archive diary memorial wellspring well road construction.

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  • Kristine Kostikyan - Christians in the Sheki region and the petition of the Islamized Armenian-Udins (IX–XIX centuries)
    15 Pages | 30-45 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-30 |

    Revceived on: 2023-02-25 | Reviewed on: 2023-03-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    The Islamization of the Christians in the Sheki region was intensive from the very beginning of the XVIII century when the weakened Safavid Iran was not able to keep control over the region. There was no longer a force in the region capable to withstand the frequent raids of the North Caucasian tribes who treated the infidels with particular cruelty. The short periods of the Ottoman Empire dominance and Nadir Shah’s rule were also characterized by great destruction caused to the region.

    KeywordsSheki Christian Armenian Udi Islamization Church of Aghvank khanate petition.

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  • Ruben Sahakyan - The Caucasus front of the First World War in the documents (critical remarks and analysis)
    30 Pages | 93-123 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-93 |

    Revceived on: 2023-06-07 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    In 2020, a collection of documents ‘’The Caucasus Front of the First World War, 1914-1917’’ was published in Moscow. Executive editor A. N. Artizov, compilers - candidate of historical sciences B. B. Davidov, N. G. Zakharova, candidate of historical sciences I. V. Karpeyev, S. A. Kharitonov, candidate of historical sciences O. V. Chistyakov, E. E. Koloskova, candidate of historical sciences M. E. Malevinskaya, candidate of historical sciences D. G. Martirosyan, Yu. V. Basenko, candidate of historical sciences G. G. Avagyan, candidate of historical sciences S. S. Mirzoyan. The compliers of the collection did a significant research work, but when getting familiar with the published documents a number of questions come up, therefore we present some observations. 1. One of the gaps in the preface is the absence of the fact that the main initiator of the volunteer movement in the Caucasus was the Caucasian governorship, and also, that the persecuted members of the ARF Dashnaktsutyun Party were allowed to return and take part in the formation of squads.

    KeywordsThe Caucasus Front I. I. Vorontsov-Dashkov N. N. Yudenich Armenian volunteer movement Andranik Dro Hamazasp Keri A. Manukian H. Zavrian Armenian Genocide Armenian Question Sarikamish Van Erzerum Trapezund Erzenka.

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  • Gayane Ghazaryan, Hamo Sukiasyan - Brewing in the Yerevan province (End of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century)
    14 Pages | 124-138 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-124 |

    Revceived on: 2023-10-02 | Reviewed on: 2023-10-10 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, breweries were opened one after another in the cities of Transcaucasia. Based on the newly discovered archival documents and official statistical data, it is shown that the most viable breweries in the Yerevan province were the factories of the Dzitoghtsyans and Tsaghikyans in Alexandropol and Avetyants in Yerevan. They were in operation until World War I and contributed to the revival of Armenian urban life. After the sovietization of Armenia in December 1920, the above mentioned factories were nationalized and put back into operation.

    Keywordsbeer factory production alcoholic beverages Yerevan province Nikolay Smanov Mkrtich Dzitoghtsyan Yegor Oskanov (Voskanyan) Khachatur Avetyants Harutyun Avetyants Hamazasp Tsaghikyan.

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  • Syranush Margaryan - Cultural and historical school and its influence on the works of Father Ghevond Alishan and Garegin Srvandztyants
    16 Pages | 163-179 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-163 |

    Revceived on: 2023-08-28 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-04 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Literary studies

    The cultural-historical school as a cultural-philosophical theory is a set of ideas directly related to historical time, geographical environment and race. Having been formed in France in the last decades of the XІX century, it soon became known throughout the European continent and had many followers in different countries (G. Brandes, P. Lacombe, J. Renard, N. Pipin, etc.). Taking into account the intercultural ties that developed during this period, it becomes obvious that Armenian thinkers could not stay away from this pan-European philosophical and cultural movement. This influence is especially clearly noticeable in the scientific and artistic works of two great Armenologists - Father Ghevond Alishan and Garegin Srvandztyants.

    KeywordsHippolyte Adolphe Taine cultural and historical school Father Ghevond Alishan The Mkhitaryans Garegin Srvandztyants philosophy of aestheticism historicism; the trinomial formula of environment historical moment and race; Eurocentric worldview synchronicity.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan - The talented son of the Lisitsyans: Levon Lisitsyan
    27 Pages | 49-76 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-49 |

    Revceived on: 2021-12-27 | Reviewed on: 2022-02-23 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-03-03

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    January 9, 2022 marks the 130th anniversary of the birth of Levon Lisitsyan – an ethnographer, philologist, historian and public figure, the talented son of the Lisitsyans – prominent representatives of the Armenian reality of the late 19th and early 20th cc. The short but meaningful, eventful life and activities of L. Lisitsyan can be divided into the following stages: a) student years (universities of Munich, Moscow, Vienna), during which his scientific activity was born: he was the advisor in Armenian culture to the outstanding Austrian professor of history and architecture Josef Strzygowski; b) contribution to the scientific expedition headed by J. Strzygowski, who visited Armenia from September 14 – October 4, 1913; c) participation in the actions of the Armenian volunteer squads in 1914–1915 and useful activities for the nation in the position of plenipotentiary representative in Bayazet of the Committee of Fraternal Assistance to Armenian Refugees.

    Keywordsthe Lisitsyans Levon Lisitsyan Tiflis Moscow Vienna J. Strzygowski T. Toramanyan volunteer squads Petrograd N. Marr L. Auer Constantinople Yerevan Sarikamish Etchmiadzin Hov. Tumanyan Av. Isahakyan Al. Kulebyakin K. Bakhshi.

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  • Petros Demirchyan - Collecting and ethnographic activities of Garegin Srvandztyants
    9 Pages | 122-131 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-118 |

    Revceived on: 2022-01-20 | Reviewed on: 2022-03-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-03-09

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    Bishop Garegin Srvandztyants (1840–1892) is one of the most merited representatives of the Armenian people, both as a devoted national-public figure and as an incomparable philologist, folklore collector and ethnographer. The most important part of his activity is a series of collections, which are the result of a diligent collection оf over a decade (1874–1884) of folk tales and traditions and wealthy ethnographic materials. The name of G. Srvandztyants is associated, in particular, with the identification, recording and publication of the first version of the Armenian national epic “Sasna Tsrer” – “David of Sassoun or Mher’s Door”.

    KeywordsGaregin Srvandztyants philologist folklore collector ethnographer “Toros Aghpar” “David of Sassoun or Mher’s Door” Arabkir city art culture Matenadaran.

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  • Ruben Sahakyan - Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan (A-Do)
    24 Pages | 9-33 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-9 |

    Revceived on: 2022-03-30 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-17 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-09

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / History

    Public-political figure Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan, known under the pseudonym A-Do, was born on January 4, 1867 in Nor Bayazet town. Here he received his primary education. In 1881 he moved to Yerevan where he graduated from a diocesan school and later studied at the Kharkov University (1905), at the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute (1907). A-Do was an eyewitness to the Russian Revolution (1905-1907), the Armenian-Tartar clashes (1905-1906). He thoroughly studied the causes of the clashes and wrote a special work on the conflict ‒ “Armenian-Turkish clash of 1905-1906” (1907).

    KeywordsA-Do Nor Bayаzet Yerevan Dashnaktsutyun Armenian-Tartar clashes Artsakh Van Rostom Aram Manukyan Nikol Aghbalyan February Revolution Salmast Sardarapat Garegin Nzhdeh.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan - Yuri Veselovsky and the Armenian reality
    32 Pages | 89-121 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-89 |

    Revceived on: 2022-05-16 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-06

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Literature

    This year marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of the famous Russian scientist-literary scholar, poet, translator, Armenologist, Yuri Aleksey Veselovsky – the first thorough researcher and propagandist of the history, literature and art of the Armenian people in Russia since the late 80s of the 19th century. His studies are a valuable contribution to the development of Armenology in Russia. The son of a professor at Moscow University, a talented researcher of world literature, the author of numerous articles and studies, Alexey Nikolaevich and translator Alexandra Adolfovna Veselovsky, and the nephew of Academician Alexander Nikolaevich Veselovsky – Yu. Veselovsky was born on July 6, 1872 in Moscow.

    Keywords Yu. Veselovsky Moscow Lazarian Seminary Armenian reality M. Berberyan Mkhitarist Congregation of Venice and Vienna Nor-Nakhijevan history of Armenia Armenian-Russian literrary ties theatre and playwrights S. Shahaziz A. Tsaturyan translations anniversary celebration lecture Baku “Armenian Bulletin”.

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  • Ruben Sahakyan - Sargis Mehrabian (Khanasori Vardan)
    26 Pages | 3-29 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-3 |

    Revceived on: 2022-07-14 | Reviewed on: 2022-10-18 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History

    A young man from Artsakh, Sargis Mehrabian, also known as Khanasori Vardan (Vardan of Khanasor) or simply Vardan, devoted himself to the Armenian Liberation Movement as early as 1890. Having received the baptism of fire in the campaign headed by Sargis Kukunian, he joined the Armenian Haiduk Movement. From 1894 to 1896, he took part in the self-defense of Van-Vaspurakan and carried out work on organizing resistance groups in Armenian settlements. The Khanasor expedition of 1897 can be considered the apogee of Vardan’s Haiduk activity against the Kurdish Mazrykan tribe. Having returned to the Caucasus ‒ Baku, he started writing his memoirs, which cover the events through 1894 to 1896.

    KeywordsSargis Mehrabian Shushi Van Sevkaretsi Sako Khanasor Simon Zavarian Cilicia Rostom Armenian-Tatar clashes First World War volunteer movement genocide Aram Manukian Baku Yerevan.

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  • Armen Marukyan - Historical and legal analysis of the Soviet-Turkish Moscow agreement of 1921 “On friendship and brotherhood”
    16 Pages | 3-19 |

    Revceived on: 2021-02-15 | Reviewed on: 2021-03-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-03-22

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    In connection with the approach of the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Moscow Treaty in the media and in public circles, the topic of the alleged expiration of the validity period is being actively discussed, on the basis of which an assumption is made about the possibility of non-renewal for the next validity period of this agreement. It should be noted that the Moscow Treaty does not contain provisions on any validity periods, from which it follows that this is an open-ended contract, therefore, statements about a possible nonextension of its validity periods do not correspond to reality.

    KeywordsTreaty of Moscow Treaty of Kars Soviet Armenia Soviet Russia Turkey Soviet Azerbaijan Kars province Ardahan district of Surmalu Nakhichevan.

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  • Lilit Hovhannisyan - The Russian–Turkish cooperation and the Moscow Treaty as of March 16, 1921, according to the assessment of the Armenian historical science (1991–2020)
    26 Pages | 20-46 |

    Revceived on: 2021-03-14 | Reviewed on: 2021-04-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-04-08

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    At present, the Armenian-Turkish state border is regulated by the Russian-Turkish “Treaty of friendship and brotherhood” signed on March 16, 1921 in Moscow. If in the Soviet Armenian historical science it was evaluated from the perspective of the political and ideological interests of the Soviet state, then the conclusions of the scientists of the Armenian Diaspora were and remain based on the national and state interests of the Armenians.

    KeywordsSoviet Russia Kemalist Turkey National covenant Russian–Turkish negotiations Moscow Treaty Armenian Question Western Armenia Kars province Surmalu district Nakhichevan Alexandropol.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - The last Artsakh war, Georgia, new transit projects and the end of the RA blockade process
    16 Pages | 47-63 |

    Revceived on: 2021-03-11 | Reviewed on: 2021-03-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-03-30

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    Throughout the Artsakh war, which lasted from September 27 to November 9, 2020, Georgian official circles made statements about maintaining neutrality. The reliable tidings that not only Turkish and Israeli military equipment, but also terrorist groups from Syria were being transported to Azerbaijan through Georgian airspace were also denied. Nevertheless, various platforms persistently talked about the continuity of the transportation of military equipment to Azerbaijan by cargo planes of the Azerbaijani “Silk Way West Airlines” company, which is authorized to transport military cargo (which Georgian officials called “humanitarian” or “civilian” flights).

    KeywordsGeorgia Artsakh war neutrality airspace cargo planes tripartite declaration unblocking of transport communications Kars-Igdir-Nakhichevan railway blockade Turkish-Azerbaijani great-power interests.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan - Osip Mandelstam: Poet and time. Armenia in his life
    41 Pages | 46-87 |

    Revceived on: 2021-02-23 | Reviewed on: 2021-07-02 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-07-07

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    Osip Mandelstam (1891–1938) – a prominent Russian poet (Jewish by origin), art theorist, translator – takes a special place in the history of the Soviet literature. In the 1920–1930s, Mandelstam, being non-party man and not constantly being member of any literary association, tasted all the misfortunes that befell the intellectual class of his generation and great many ordinary Soviet citizens; he faced repressions, he was arrested twice, was sent into exile where he died.

    KeywordsO. Mandelstam N. Mandelstam N. Bukharin I. Erenburg S. Ter-Gabrielyan M. Shahinyan Yerevan Shushi Tiflis Ye. Charents Armenian theme “Journey to Armenia”.

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  • Avetis Harutyunyan - On the Issue of denial of the concept of “Rebellion” of Van in 1915
    30 Pages | 3-33 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-3 |

    Revceived on: 2025-05-15 | Reviewed on: 2025-05-22 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / History

    One of the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Turkey was the province of Van, the center of which was the ancient Armenian city Van. In April of 1915, the Armenians organized self-defense in Van and in a number of other places to escape the Turkish massacres. The issue of self-defense of Van has both political and scientific significance, as it caused rupture in relations between the Armenian and Turkish peoples living in the Ottoman Empire and was one of the motives for the Armenian Genocide in 1915.

    KeywordsVan “rebellion” in 1915 self-defense massacre forgery riot Pan-Turkism the Armenian Genocide Turkish diplomacy position of European diplomacy.

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  • Henrik Khachatryan - The ecclesiastical diocesan division of Marzpan Armenia (428–630s)
    16 Pages | 34-50 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-34 |

    Revceived on: 2025-03-26 | Reviewed on: 2025-03-28 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / History

    The Armenian Church, with its structure and functions, has been an inseparable part of the Armenian statehood. The study of its history, the diocesan structure, the history and status of individual dioceses, the relations between the state and the church, the church and the nobility (princes), as well as the church's interactions with foreign states in the absence of an independent state, provides us with a more accurate understanding of the processes. Indeed, the diocesan structure of the marzpanate period has been addressed in one way or another, but, in the whole, the research conducted in this area was either one-sided or incomplete.

    KeywordsMarzpan Armenia bishop Ukhtanes dioces episcopacy church council Bagrevand Mardpetakan.

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  • Mikayel Badalyan - Unknown script signs from the Urartian Tomb of Yerevan (in Eng.)
    15 Pages | 25-40 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-25 |

    Revceived on: 2025-11-16 | Reviewed on: 2025-11-24 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / History

    The Urartian (Biainian) tomb of Yerevan is situated in the capital city of the Republic of Armenia, within the area now occupied by “Yerevan Mall”. Discovered in 1984 during construction activities, it has since been the subject of detailed archaeological investigation. Although several comprehensive studies have been devoted to the monument, none have addressed the engraved symbols found on one of the façade stones near the entrance and on two tuff fragments uncovered in close proximity to the façade.

    KeywordsUrartu Urartian tomb of Yerevan Etiuni Achaemenid cuneiform unknown script Armenia cryptography.

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  • Armen Karapetyan - Coverage of the Armenian volunteer movement in the “Horizon” newspaper (October 1914 – July 1916)
    16 Pages | 41-57 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-41 |

    Revceived on: 2025-09-07 | Reviewed on: 2025-10-31 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / History

    The forerunner of the Armenian volunteer movement was the fedayeen movement, which arose in Western Armenia at the end of the 19th century as a stronghold of armed resistance against the Ottoman enslavers. The volunteer movement was the continuation of the national liberation struggle and was driven by the aspiration of the Armenians to liberate Western Armenia from Ottoman oppression. The formation of the movement was also supported by the favorable position of Tsarist Russia, the authorities of which encouraged it in every possible way.

    KeywordsWorld War I Armenian volunteer regiments the ''Horizon'' newspaper massacres Armenian refugees defensive battles the Tsarist authorities heroic commanders liberated Van

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan, David Gasparyan - Yeghishe Charents in Arshak Chopanian’s Assessment
    12 Pages | 124-136 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-124 |

    Revceived on: 2025-09-23 | Reviewed on: 2025-10-21 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / Literary studies

    Arshak Chobanyan (1872–1954) – a writer, literary scholar, critic and a pub¬lisher – was a unique figure in the Armenian literary life. It is worth noting his respect for Charents (1897–1937) and his art. In his numerous reviews and articles published in the journal “Anahit” and in the weekly “Apaga”, Chobanyan highly appreciated Charents as a poet of national and pan-European value emphasizing his poetic innovation, which was reflected in creating innovative characters and forms.

    KeywordsCharents Chobanyan Makintsyan “Anahit” journal “Apaga” weekly Paris letter article Yerevan assessment

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  • Anna Asatryan, Lilit Hakobyan - The opera “Parvana” by Nikol Galanderyan: the Forgotten Echo of Armenian Romanticism (in Eng.)
    18 Pages | 161-179 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-161 |

    Revceived on: 2026-03-07 | Reviewed on: 2026-03-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

    Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / Arts

    In the history of Armenian music, certain names endure forever. One of them is the Iranian-Armenian composer, pedagogue, and musical-public figure Nikol Galanderyan (1881–1944). His opera “Parvana”, whose libretto is written to Hovhannes Tumanyan’s legend of the same name, is a unique fusion of folk mysticism. Oriental lyricism and traditions of European classical opera. Galanderyan created the said opera in a historically complicated period (the first half of the XX century), while living and creating in Tehran. “Parvana” is the first and, perhaps, for now the only attempt to bring to the opera stage Tumanyan’s profound national, almost mystical text.

    KeywordsNikol Galanderyan Hovhannes Tumanyan the opera “Parvana” musical Tumanyaneana Iranian–Armenian music.

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