Historical and philological journal
PUBLISHED SINCE 1958

ԼՈՒՅՍ Է ՏԵՍՆՈՒՄ 1958 ԹՎԱԿԱՆԻՑ
Историко-филологический журнал
ИЗДАЕТСЯ С 1958 ГОДА
  • Manuk Felekyan - Lexicographical presentation of personal pronouns
    8 Pages | 113-121 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-113 |

    Revceived on: 2024-02-16 | Reviewed on: 2024-02-28 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Linguistics

    The dictionary interpretation of pronouns largely depends on the grammatical understanding of the pronoun. The problem, to which part of speech this group of words belong, has not received its final solution in grammar yet. This is one of the main reasons for controversies in the lexicography of personal pronouns.

    Keywordspronouns explanatory dictionary dictionaries of the Western Armenian language choice of a headword in a dictionary lexical meaning of a word grammatical features dictionary interpretation.

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  • Shoghakat Devrikyan - Works of art depicting the “Meeting” of Gregory the Illuminator and Pope Sylvester I
    14 Pages | 135-149 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-135 |

    Revceived on: 2024-05-30 | Reviewed on: 2024-05-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Arts

    The legend of the meeting of the King Tiridates III of Armenia, St. Gregory the Illuminator, Roman Emperor Constantine I, and Pope Sylvester I is an integral part of Armenian–Roman history. Over the centuries, it has been enriched with various details, sanctified, and completed during the Cilician period in the «Letter of Love and Concord». This event, often the subject of doubt and extensive studies, has also been depicted in various works of art, including miniatures, wall paintings, engravings, and icon paintings.

    KeywordsGregory the Illuminator Pope Sylvester I King Tiridates III Emperor Constantine I "Letter of Love and Concord" adoption of Christianity Church San Gregorio Armeno in Naples Rome Isfahan.

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  • Hrachya Baloyan - Words related to nationality and national in the language of journalism of the Armenian press (early 1990s)
    12 Pages | 189-201 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-189 |

    Revceived on: 2024-01-21 | Reviewed on: 2024-02-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Linguistics

    There are numerous newly formed words related to nationality and national in the language of journalism of the Armenian press for the period from 1991 to 1993. Among the words related to nationality and national, the words consisting of the component ազգ (nation) dominate. Among the latter, there are adjectives that are composed of nation + simple noun pattern, where the noun endings express a participial meaning. Some words are formed in the pattern nation + verbal noun (with the suffix -ում (the same as -tion in English)). A number of words were formed in the pattern nation + noun (with the suffix –ություն (the same as -ity in English). We also have newly formed words composed of ազգ (nation) + adjective pattern. We have encountered only one verb with the component ազգ (nation). Some words of another kind were also composed with the suffix – ություն (the same as -ity in English). There are three words formed by the component էթն(ոս) (ethnos (ethnicity)).

    KeywordsArmenian press nation national newly formed words meaning Armenian (language) Armenian (nation) Russian.

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  • Armen Sargsyan, Shogher Minasyan - Lavrenti Hovhannisyan’s research on the dialect of Karabakh (Artsakh)
    12 Pages | 131-143 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-131 |

    Revceived on: 2024-07-24 | Reviewed on: 2024-07-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / Linguistics

    Lavrenti Hovhannisyan, contemporary Armenian linguist, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, has authored a series of scientific works dedicated to the Karabakh dialect. In his works, he has examined the archaic phonetical, lexical, and grammatical features of the dialect in order to prove the existence of the Armenian population in Artsakh since ancient times. Among the most characteristic phonetic phenomena, he highlights the deafening of the initial voiced consonants in Classical Armenian, in some cases aspiration and palatalization of these consonants, which he does not associate with Turkic influence, the absence of the “f” sound and the presence of oxytonic stress.

    KeywordsKarabakh (Artsakh) dialect L. Hovhannisyan Classical Armenian Iranian languages phonetic system lexis grammatical system loanwords etymology archaisms.

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  • Artsvi Bakhchinyan, Vartan Matiossian - The relationship of Armen Ohanian and Archag Tchobanian
    11 Pages | 157-168 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-157 |

    Revceived on: 2024-09-23 | Reviewed on: 2024-10-04 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / Arts

    Dancer, writer, actress and translator Armen Ohanian (Sofia Pirbudaghian, 1888, Shamakha –1976, Mexico City) lived in Paris from 1912–1931 and maintained a long-term professional relationship with Archag Tchobanian. Tchobanian’s archive in the State Museum of Literature and Art of Armenia contains 65 letters (18 in Armenian and 47 in French) addressed to him from Ohanian. They participated in pro-Armenian events in Paris. Tchobanian was actively interested in Ohanian’s artistic and literary work; he often introduced her to his Armenian and French friends to support her dance performances and publication of her literary works. Tchobanian translated one of Ohanian’s first works from French into Armenian, edited her French works, and wrote about her art in his writings.

    KeywordsArmen Ohanian Archag Tchobanian correspondence creative and friendly relations pro-Armenian events in Paris Anatole France.

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  • Arusyak Shirinyan - Perception of time in the works of Anania Shirakatsi
    11 Pages | 210-221 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-210 |

    Revceived on: 2024-05-07 | Reviewed on: 2024-04-22 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / History of Philosophical thought

    In philosophy, A. Shirakatsi’s perception of time had its own characteristics, and his consideration was not always detailed or systematized, compared to the later philosophical traditions. A. Shirakatsi’s concepts of time can be seen in his reflections on infinity and finitude, in polemics with “evil pagan” philosophers and Chaldean astrologers. The categories of time in the philosophy of the Armenian philosopher are found in the context of metaphysics, an important component of which was the understanding of time in Aristotle’s philosophy.

    KeywordsAnania Shirakatsi philosophy infinity eternity time metaphysics.

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  • Marine Sargsyan - Avetik Isahakyan’s “little Tragedies”
    15 Pages | 112-127 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.1-112 |

    Revceived on: 2022-10-06 | Reviewed on: 2022-12-26 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / Literature

    became an exceptional life experience, creative reflection of which are the short stories of “One Week With a Convict”, “Kurd Amo” and “Bayram Ali”. Born from the creative idea of “From Рrison Мemories”, they turned into multilayered “little tragedies”. Perfected and revised by the author, wise with vast life experience, they in a certain way crystallized eternal conflicts that occur in different planes of nature and human existence. Inside – between the consciousness and unconsciousness, outside – between the worlds created by nature and created by man, between the inner and outer, as well as several basic tragedies of the destruction of man, the individual, resulting from these conflicts and in addition, derivative-adjacent tragedies of human involvement and non-involvement in human suffering. Moreover, all these tragedies are panhuman and eternal.

    KeywordsAvetik Isahakyan artistic prose creative project memoir short story prison cross tragedy microworld macroworld key idea humanistic world view.

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  • Robert Ghazaryan - Aram Kosyan: the Hittite Kingdom (political history) (in Eng.)
    3 Pages | 247-250 |

    Revceived on: 2023-01-17 | Reviewed on: 0001-01-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / Reviews

    The history of the Hittite state is considered one of the most remarkable pages in the history of Near East in the XVII–XIII centuries BC. The state founded by the Indo-European Hittites (Nesians) in the east of Asia Minor and in the west of the Armenian Highland soon included most of the territories of Asia Minor and became one of the most powerful states in the region. However, Asia Minor was not enough for the Hittites.

    KeywordsAsia Minor Hittites the Hittite Kingdom sources Ḫattusa Mittani Egypt Assyria the Armenian Highland.

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  • Artak Vardanyan - Viktor Katvalyan: Dictionary of the Bayazet dialect (in Eng.)
    2 Pages | 271-273 |

    Revceived on: 2023-03-13 | Reviewed on: 0001-01-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / Reviews

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  • Argishti Vardanyan - Armenian-Caucasian Albanian alliance against Persian rule (In the middle of the V century)
    17 Pages | 35-52 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-35 |

    Revceived on: 2022-12-15 | Reviewed on: 2023-01-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    Along with the imposition of the marzpan system (administrative unit) on the regional countries, the Persian royal court, from the middle of the 5th century, made an attempt to eradicate Christianity and establish Zoroastrianism in Armenia, Caucasian Albania and Virk. But, as expected, this caused a confrontation between the above mentioned countries, which culminated in an uprising. Trying to force them to submit to their will, the Persian army led by Sebukht captured Caucasian Albania in the early autumn of 450, but in October of the same year, Armenian army under the command of sparapet (supreme commander of the armed forces) Vardan Mamikonyan dealt a crushing blow to the numerically superior Persian army and liberated Caucasian Albania.

    KeywordsArmenia Transcaucasia Caucasian Albania Sasanian Persia Vardan Mamikonyan Vasak Syuni Yeghishe Ghazar Parpetsi battle of Khaghagh Kura River Sebukht the Huns.

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  • Mariam Hovsepyan - Armenian newspapers of Constantinopole on “Nemesis” operation (1920–1922)
    13 Pages | 100-113 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-100 |

    Revceived on: 2023-06-08 | Reviewed on: 2023-06-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    At the 9th General Meeting of the ARF - Dashnaktsutyun, held in Yerevan on September 27-October 30, 1919, a decision was made to conduct a punitive operation “Nemesis” against the organizers of the Armenian Genocide. These acts had a great public response, which was reflected on the pages of the Constantinople Armenian periodicals “Zhoghovurdy dzayn, Zhamanak”, “Verjin lur”, and “Chakatamart” in 1920-1922.

    KeywordsArmenian newspapers of Constantinople “Nemesis” operation Ottoman military court Armenian avengers Armenian Genocide organizers of the Armenian Genocide.

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  • Areg Vardanyan - The “Armenian-Byzantine Apocalypse” in the context of Byzantine and Armenian eschatological traditions
    18 Pages | 255-273 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-255 |

    Revceived on: 2023-04-10 | Reviewed on: 2023-04-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / Discussions

    Among the Armenian texts of the “Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, there exists a very “apocryphal” version. This text, as shown by philosophical analysis, is a separate work of an apocalyptic/eschatological nature. The existence of references to the events of the Byzantine history of the period from 1130 to 1210 and many common motives with Byzantine apocrypha of Daniel, “Oracles of Leo the Wise” and “History” of Choniates, point to the Byzantine origin of this text. On the other hand, the “pro-Latin” position of the author, more characteristic of the Armenian book writing of the XII-XIII centuries, indicates to the connection of the text to the Armenians of Byzantium.

    KeywordsArmenian eschatology Byzantine eschatology Komnenoi Armenian-Byzantine written tradition Vision of Daniel Pseudo-Methodius Armenians in Byzantium The Fourth Crusade Niketas Choniates The Image of the Other.

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  • Gegham Hovhannisyan - National issues in the London periodical “New Life” (1898–1902)
    12 Pages | 59-71 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-59 |

    Revceived on: 2023-09-12 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-20 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    One of the first periodicals of the Reorganized Hunchak Party, formed in 1896, was the “New Life” journal, which was published in London in 1898–1902. The issue of political education of the Armenian people was discussed on the pages of the periodical. The journal contributed to the development of the Armenian liberation movement and its effectiveness and addressed the most significant issues of the Armenian national life of the late XIX century. The issues covered on the pages of the journal were topical for Armenian reality of that historical period, especially those concerning the reassessment of the liberation movement, the role of the great European powers in the fate of the Armenian people, the importance of education and enlightenment in the national progress. The “New Life” periodical also revealed the negative phenomena in national life, rightly emphasizing that it is impossible to develop a true national policy without laying stress on them.

    Keywords: the “New Life” Arpiar Arpiaryan Reorganized Hunchak Party Ottoman Turkey ideology of the liberation movement Western Armenia Europe Russia A. Arzuyan.

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  • Ruben Sahakyan - The Caucasus front of the First World War in the documents (critical remarks and analysis)
    30 Pages | 93-123 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-93 |

    Revceived on: 2023-06-07 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    In 2020, a collection of documents ‘’The Caucasus Front of the First World War, 1914-1917’’ was published in Moscow. Executive editor A. N. Artizov, compilers - candidate of historical sciences B. B. Davidov, N. G. Zakharova, candidate of historical sciences I. V. Karpeyev, S. A. Kharitonov, candidate of historical sciences O. V. Chistyakov, E. E. Koloskova, candidate of historical sciences M. E. Malevinskaya, candidate of historical sciences D. G. Martirosyan, Yu. V. Basenko, candidate of historical sciences G. G. Avagyan, candidate of historical sciences S. S. Mirzoyan. The compliers of the collection did a significant research work, but when getting familiar with the published documents a number of questions come up, therefore we present some observations. 1. One of the gaps in the preface is the absence of the fact that the main initiator of the volunteer movement in the Caucasus was the Caucasian governorship, and also, that the persecuted members of the ARF Dashnaktsutyun Party were allowed to return and take part in the formation of squads.

    KeywordsThe Caucasus Front I. I. Vorontsov-Dashkov N. N. Yudenich Armenian volunteer movement Andranik Dro Hamazasp Keri A. Manukian H. Zavrian Armenian Genocide Armenian Question Sarikamish Van Erzerum Trapezund Erzenka.

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  • Narine Dilbaryan - The basic words of the semantic field denoting the concept “Man” in the Ancient Armenian translation of the Book of Genesis
    14 Pages | 188-202 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-188 |

    Revceived on: 2023-06-19 | Reviewed on: 2023-06-26 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Linguistics

    A study of words relating to a man and society in the Book of Genesis shows that this semantic group has many verbal units for denoting basic concepts, whether they are simple roots or compound constructions that are combined into subgroups that complement each other. The words included in the subgroups of this semantic field have a rich spectrum in terms of the number of synonyms. Most of these words are of Indo-European origin: մարդ, այր, ծնունդ, մանուկ, հայր, մայր, եղբայր, քոյր, ուստր, դուստր, անդրանիկ, ծնունդ, ընտանիք տուն; there are several borrowings from Iranian (ազգ, տոհմ, զաւակ) and Syrian (տղայ).

    KeywordsBible Genesis ancient Armenian translation vocabulary semantic field of human meaning society root words borrowings.

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  • Vahan Melikyan - Interstate territorial and border disputes after the declaration of independence of the Transcaucasian Republics (June–July1918)
    29 Pages | 77-106 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-77 |

    Revceived on: 2021-07-06 | Reviewed on: 2021-07-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-01-24

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    The Batumi Treaty, so far the only international political act recognizing the independence of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia thereby accepting the territories and conditional borders of independent republics, still could not prevent the presence of the military troops of Ottoman Turkey and Germany in the region and, in particular, in Armenia until the end of July 1918. This was evidenced by newly discovered archival documents. From a geographic point of view, the configuration of the new borders was artificial and revealed the aggressive plans of Turkey, in particular, the plan to seize Baku.

    KeywordsArmenia Georgia Azerbaijan Germany Ottoman Empire O․ von Lossov N․ Jordania Vehib Pasha T. Nazarbekyan Aram Manukyan Kh․ Karchikyan Lori Borchalu Akhalkalaki Karabakh.

  • Ashot Melkonyan - Observations on current regional issues (steps to counter the Azerbaijani-Turkish tandem) (in Eng.)
    7 Pages | 224-231 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-267 |

    Revceived on: 2022-03-17 | Reviewed on: 2022-03-24 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-04-01

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Discussions

    After the Armenian-Azerbaijani 44-day war (September 27-November 9), in order to gradually strengthen its positions, and countering Azerbaijan’s and Turkey’s policy aimed at weakening the Republic of Armenia and the Islamic Republic of Iran, we propose on the agenda of the current Armenian-Azerbaijani negotiations an issue that has never been discussed before, and which will significantly strengthen the position of the Armenian and Iranian sides, as well as will diminish the capacities of implementing of the Turkish-Azerbaijani tandem’s pan-Turkic program.

    Keywords Azerbaijani-Turkish tandem unblocking corridor Ararat marz.

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  • Henrik Khachatryan - The nakharar (princely) domаins of Armenian marzpanate (V-VI cc. AD) (in Russ.)
    15 Pages | 47-62 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-47 |

    Revceived on: 2022-02-28 | Reviewed on: 2022-03-09 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-05-31

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / History

    In 428 AD, the Persian king Vram V Gor (420/421-438/439 AD), by the agreement of most of Armenian nakharars, abolished the Arsacid kingdom (66-428 AD) in Armenia. After that, up to the 630s AD, Armenia turns into a Persian border administrative unit – marzpanate. Armenia, although had the status of marzpanate, it still retained internal autonomy in the basis of the nakharar system. The Armenian princes-nakharars remained the hereditary landowners of their territories. The nakhararutyun (principality) was ruled by the nakharar, who was the hereditary landowner of his territory and the nahapet or tanuter of his clan. In the Arshakuni and later in marzpanian Armenia, the lands were owned by three groups 1) the king (after 428 AD – the Sasanian king), 2) the church, 3) the nakharars. The principalities of the marzpanian period was quantitatively inferior to the royal one.

    KeywordsArmenian marzpanate nakharars Sasanians nakharar domains Mamikonyans Bagratunis Syunis Artsakh “Gahnamak”.

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  • Vachagan Avagyan - An overview of Archag Tchobanian’s life and activity
    25 Pages | 63-88 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-63 |

    Revceived on: 2022-05-26 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-01

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Literature

    Writer, editor-publicist, philologist, translator and public figure Archag Tchobanian (1872-1954) is one of the prominent representatives of Armenian culture. He had written since the early years, publishing his own or translated works in various Western-Armenian periodicals. In 1895 he edited the “Dzaghig” semi-monthly newspaper. In the same year, avoiding persecutions by the Turkish authorities, he moved to Paris, where he published the literary and artistic magazine “Anahit”. He composed in all literary genres. His works are characterized by the desire to overcome the one-sidedness of romantic poetry, to express the living features of reality.

    KeywordsArchag Tchobanian biography Paris “Anahit” editor writer art literary critic translator politics national liberation struggle Armenian issue patriotism.

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  • Anush Harutyunyan - Principles for determining nationality according to the First All-Union population census of 1926 (On the example of the Soviet Armenia)
    14 Pages | 47-61 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-47 |

    Revceived on: 2022-06-21 | Reviewed on: 2022-09-03 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History

    The census is an important source of accurate information about the population of a state. The first All-Union census in the USSR was held in 1926. This census differed from both previous and subsequent censuses in the principles used to determine the national composition of the population guided solely by the principle of self-determination. As a result, 191 nationalities were registered throughout the USSR. However, difficulties have also arisen in registering some ethnic groups.

    KeywordsAll-Union census main nationalities determination of ethnic identity the Persians the Karapapakhs the Turks the Azerbaijani Central Statistical Office Agbaba Zangezur.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - The last Artsakh war, Georgia, new transit projects and the end of the RA blockade process
    16 Pages | 47-63 |

    Revceived on: 2021-03-11 | Reviewed on: 2021-03-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-03-30

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    Throughout the Artsakh war, which lasted from September 27 to November 9, 2020, Georgian official circles made statements about maintaining neutrality. The reliable tidings that not only Turkish and Israeli military equipment, but also terrorist groups from Syria were being transported to Azerbaijan through Georgian airspace were also denied. Nevertheless, various platforms persistently talked about the continuity of the transportation of military equipment to Azerbaijan by cargo planes of the Azerbaijani “Silk Way West Airlines” company, which is authorized to transport military cargo (which Georgian officials called “humanitarian” or “civilian” flights).

    KeywordsGeorgia Artsakh war neutrality airspace cargo planes tripartite declaration unblocking of transport communications Kars-Igdir-Nakhichevan railway blockade Turkish-Azerbaijani great-power interests.

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  • Avetis Grigoryan - Prince residence Sotk: History and monuments
    19 Pages | 125-144 |

    Revceived on: 2021-01-14 | Reviewed on: 2021-01-18 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-03-03

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    Sotk village is located in the south-east of Gegharkunik province of the Republic of Armenia. According to Stepanos Orbelyan, the name of the settlement originates from the name of the cold wind blowing from the mountain pass to Sevan. The Armenian identity of medieval Sotk is evidenced not only by about two dozen Armenian medieval written sources, but also by historical monuments in the vicinity of the village – churches, khachkars, Armenian inscriptions. The church of Sotk belonged to the Diocese of the Makenyats Monastery of the Armenian Apostolic Church, which was one of the oldest orders of the Armenian Church.

    KeywordsSotk Middle Ages culture Christianity monuments excavations fortress church khachkar inscription princely family.

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  • Yervand Grekyan - “The crisis of the 7th century BC” and the problem of formation of the Median Empire
    26 Pages | 192-218 |

    Revceived on: 2021-01-13 | Reviewed on: 2021-01-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-04-07

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Discussions

    Тhe 7th c. BC is considered as the period of formation and rise of the Median Empire. Meantime, economic crises, political instability, ethnic migrations, decline in military power, foreign invasions and, eventually, collapse of ancient state structures and depopulation were observed in the Armenian Highland and in Mesopotamia in the same period. These phenomena have usually occurred in the dramatic periods of the history of ancient Near East and, as a rule, were conditioned by climate change-related problems.

    KeywordsMedian Empire Iranian Plateau Assyria Urartu palaeoenvironment climate changes crisis ethnic migrations depopulation.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - The legislative regulation of the legal status of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Georgian Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in post-Soviet Georgia
    15 Pages | 134-149 |

    Revceived on: 2021-06-07 | Reviewed on: 2021-06-14 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-24

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    Since independence, Georgia has not adopted a law regulating the field of religious organizations and defining their rights and obligations (“Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations”). The relations between the latter and the state are regulated by a constitutional agreement approved by the Parliament as of October 22, 2002.

    KeywordsGeorgia religious organizations Georgian Orthodox Church legal status constitutional agreement Civil Code legal entity under public law Armenian Apostolic Church Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in Georgia property rights churches.

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  • Murad Ohanyan - The heirs to the orders of administration of the Achaemenids
    27 Pages | 238-265 |

    Revceived on: 2021-01-28 | Reviewed on: 2021-02-12 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-05-17

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Discussions

    The administration orders and structures of the Parthian and Sasanian powers are almost exactly repeating the models of Achaemenid governance. Various evidence and facts have been preserved about that, especially about the Sasanian power. According to them, this power was divided into five administrative-territorial units with “Center + 4 peripheral regions” principle.

    KeywordsAchaemenid power Parthian power Sasanian power Darius I Ardashir I Shapur I Elam Kul-e Farah Sumer Urnanshe Greater Armenia Tigran the Great Bundahišn “Armenian geography” spahbed pitiaxae.

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  • Vardan Devrikyan - The scientific and literary heritage of Father Ghevond Alishan
    28 Pages | 3-31 | DOI: doi:10.52853/01350536-2021.3-3 |

    Revceived on: 2020-07-13 | Reviewed on: 2021-09-06 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-11-29

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Articles, reports

    Ghevond Alishan’s scientific-literary heritage includes his scientific publications of Armenian medieval manuscripts, historical-geographical and historical studies, literary-religious translations, fiction and poems. Alishan originally planned to present all the regions of Historical Armenia in separate volumes, but managed to publish just four of them: “Shirak” (1881), “Sisvan” (1885) dedicated to Cilicia, “Ayrarat” (1890) and dedicated to Syunik “Sisakan” (1893). Although these are historical-geographical works, they are however written in the artistic style peculiar to Alishan. He paid special importance to writing about the historical and heroic events related to the places of those geographical areas.

    KeywordsGh. Alishan Mekhitarist Congregation “Nahapet’s songs” “Geography of Armenia” Ani Shirak Zeitun Syunik Vardan Mamikonyan rose and nightingale Moon.

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  • Vardan Petrosyan - Hushing sounds of the Old Armenian (Diachronic and a chronic aspects)
    13 Pages | 228-241 | DOI: Doi.10.52853/01350536-2021.3-228 |

    Revceived on: 2021-07-21 | Reviewed on: 2021-09-21 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-11-12

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Discussions

    The definition of main prototypes of the Armenian voiceless husing շ(š) does not present any difficulty: these are the I.-E. *s and *k՛(ṷ). The quantitative ratio of the proto-forms, as well as typological parallels of շ (š) with non relative languages confirms this conclusion.

    Keywordssibilants Iranian loan words voiced hushing sounds Old Slavonic Slavic studies proto-language Latvian Avesta Caucasian languages typological parallels diachronic aspect achronic aspect.

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  • Samvel Ramazyan - The Armenian-Hellenic relations and General Andranik (1912–1922)
    32 Pages | 3-35 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-3 |

    Revceived on: 2024-10-09 | Reviewed on: 2025-01-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

    Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History

    Famous commander, General Andranik (Andranik Ozanyan, 1865–1927), throughout all his activity, stayed in touch with the Greek people and cooperated with Greece. During the First Balkan War of 1912–1913 Andranik with the Armenian volunteer company of the Bulgarian Army participated in the liberation and defence of Greek settlements from Ottoman troops in Macedonia and Thrace and provided necessary support to the local Greek population.

    KeywordsGeneral Andranik Greece Armenian Company Garegin Nzhdeh Eleftherios Venizelos Hellenic Army Thessaloniki Arshak Mnatsakanyan (Armen Syni) Smyrna Yeghishe Kadjuni.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan , Gayane Makhmourian - Letters by Mkrtich Khrimian, dated 30 May 1904, to the presidents of France the USA in the context of the reform programs for Western Armenia
    20 Pages | 36-56 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-36 |

    Revceived on: 2024-12-11 | Reviewed on: 2025-02-20 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

    Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History

    An irreconcilable struggle was waged in 1878–1904, and particularly since 1895, between the block of Great Powers seeking to implement reforms in Western Armenia, that suffered under the yoke of the Ottoman Empire, and the longing of the Sublime Porte to abort these processes. England, France and Russia, notwithstanding all controversies and rivalries between them, elaborated joint programs to establish capitalist fundamentals in the Ottoman Empire.

    Keywordsletters by Mkrtich Khrimian Western Armenia Ottoman Empire reforms massacres self- defense of Sasun in 1904 Theodore Roosevelt Emile Loubet Edward VII Hovsep Sarajian Sahak Ayvatian Andranik Ozanian Gevorg Chaush Gegham Ter-Karapetian.

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  • Narine Dilbaryan - Words of Iranian origin for the concept of “Home, Dwelling” in the work “History of Armenia” by Movses Khorenatsi
    13 Pages | 136-149 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-136 |

    Revceived on: 2024-11-22 | Reviewed on: 2024-12-10 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

    Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / Linguistics

    The basic units of the ancient Armenian, which express the concept of “home, dwelling” are characteristic of all phases of the development of the literary Armenian language. In other words, these are common Armenian words passed into the modern literary language and dialects from the classical Armenian language. Most of the words related to the concept of “home, dwelling” are simple roots used in the formation of word combinations. Statistically, the most significant group consists of words with suffixes, followed by compound words.

    Keywordsthe concept of “home dwelling” world view cultural interaction Iranian borrowings etymology semantics word formation.

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  • Susanna Hovhannisyan - History in the unfinished works of Hovhannes Tumanyan (historical dramas and stories)
    12 Pages | 124-136 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-124 |

    Revceived on: 2025-01-20 | Reviewed on: 2025-02-13 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / Literary studies

    The historical and philosophical worldview of Hovhannes Tumanyan is reflected in his unfinished works, which have yet to become a subject of scientific study, although, in 2022, they were published in the 5th volume of the poet's “Complete Collection of Works”. Critical comprehension of Tumanyan’s historical perspectives holds true significance, driven by the intensification of security issues in recent years and the ongoing war of external forces against the Armenian people and their statehood.

    KeywordsHovhannes Tumanyan history of Armenia historical dramas fall of Ani “Artavazd II” “King Hovhannes” (or “Smbat II”) “Impressions of War”.

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  • Zaruhi Khachatryan - Some horse names attested in Persian and found in the Karabakh dialect
    22 Pages | 170-192 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-170 |

    Revceived on: 2025-09-21 | Reviewed on: 2025-09-25 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / Linguistics

    The Karabakh dialect is one of the most distinctive Armenian dialects. Alongside original Armenian words, it contains a substantial number of borrowings from Persian, which have Iranian origin as well as Arabic and Turkic. This is quite natural, given the geographical proximity of Artsakh to the northern regions of Iran and intensive contacts with Iranian state and administrative structures during the period of melikdoms.

    KeywordsKarabakh dialect horse names Persian Iranian origin Arabic borrowing semantic change vocabulary dictionary

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  • Anna Asatryan, Lilit Hakobyan - The opera “Parvana” by Nikol Galanderyan: the Forgotten Echo of Armenian Romanticism (in Eng.)
    18 Pages | 161-179 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-161 |

    Revceived on: 2026-03-07 | Reviewed on: 2026-03-16 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

    Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / Arts

    In the history of Armenian music, certain names endure forever. One of them is the Iranian-Armenian composer, pedagogue, and musical-public figure Nikol Galanderyan (1881–1944). His opera “Parvana”, whose libretto is written to Hovhannes Tumanyan’s legend of the same name, is a unique fusion of folk mysticism. Oriental lyricism and traditions of European classical opera. Galanderyan created the said opera in a historically complicated period (the first half of the XX century), while living and creating in Tehran. “Parvana” is the first and, perhaps, for now the only attempt to bring to the opera stage Tumanyan’s profound national, almost mystical text.

    KeywordsNikol Galanderyan Hovhannes Tumanyan the opera “Parvana” musical Tumanyaneana Iranian–Armenian music.

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