Historical and philological journal
PUBLISHED SINCE 1958

ԼՈՒՅՍ Է ՏԵՍՆՈՒՄ 1958 ԹՎԱԿԱՆԻՑ
Историко-филологический журнал
ИЗДАЕТСЯ С 1958 ГОДА
  • Petros Demirchyan - Yeghia Temirchipashyan as a literary critic
    24 Pages | 82-106 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-82 |

    Revceived on: 2024-02-27 | Reviewed on: 2024-03-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Literary studies

    Yeghia Temirchipashyan (1851–1908) is a Western Armenian writer, philosopher, teacher, and editor. He is one of the original figures of the new Armenian literature of the second half of the XIX century; in addition to theoretical issues, in the course of his journalistic activity, naturally, he also dealt with the problems of the literary criticism. In his numerous publications of theoretical nature, Temirchipashyan thoroughly studied the issue “What is poetry”, in particular, “personal and impersonal literature”, analyzed the need for literary criticism, criteria for evaluating the contemporary literature, problems of true reflection of the modern stage of history. On the basis of all this, he expressed his attitude and appreciation of the works of the classical and modern writers.

    KeywordsYeghia Temirchipashyan: literary critic “Yerkragunt” art poetry novel soul body creative freedom.

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  • Maya Grigoryan - On the issue of printing the book “Nakhashavigh” by Khachatur Abovyan
    8 Pages | 163-171 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.2-171 |

    Revceived on: 2024-04-17 | Reviewed on: 2024-04-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-07-10

    Published in: 2024 N 2 (226) / Discussions

    The textbook of the outstanding Armenian writer, educator, teacher, public figure Kh. Abovyan (1809–1848) “Nakhashavigh” was written from 1836 to the beginning of 1838 primarily for applying it in the private school founded by the author. The book entered the printing house at the beginning of 1838 when the Arzanyants brothers officially started their printing activity. During this period, the first 18 press sheets were printed before the first warning was received about the author’s sponsor-Hessenmuller.

    KeywordsKh. Abovyan Tiflis “Nakhashavigh” Arzanyants brothers XIX century bibliography censorship history of Armenian printing printing house.

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  • Ashot Melkonyan - Arevik-Meghri in the historical and political context of Armenia (in Eng.)
    11 Pages | 3-14 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-3 |

    Revceived on: 2024-02-16 | Reviewed on: 2024-02-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / History

    Each historical-geographical region of Armenia has had its own place and role both in regional developments and in the social and cultural life of Armenians. From that point of view, Syunik province of the kingdom of Greater Armenia is not an exception either. Together with Artsakh, it has been the eastern gate of the Armenian land for centuries, one of its military-political and civilizational cornerstones . It is no coincidence that Syunik had a special status in the kingdom of Greater Armenia. In Arsacid Armenia, the military forces under the ruling Syunik (Syuni) ministerial dynasty were among the most numerous , that is, they were ministers of the nobility and bore the titles of Prince of Princes or Crown Prince.

    KeywordsSyunik Arevik canton Meghri Sisakan Stepanos Orbelian Tatev monastery Kingdom of Syunik David Bek Zangezur district Garegin Nzhdeh Mountainous Armenia.

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  • Mher Navoyan - The views of Khachatur Abovyan on national music issues
    13 Pages | 202-215 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-202 |

    Revceived on: 2024-01-19 | Reviewed on: 2024-01-21 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Arts

    The views of the founder of the Eastern Armenian literary language Khachatur Abovyan about music are based on the ideas of Armenian national identity. Two of his articles, "Armenian Church and Folk Music", as well as an article addressed to the Imperial Russian Academy that has not been preserved to this day, pursued a specific and cognitive goal to identify the characteristic features of the identity of the Armenian people and introduce them to the outside world. In the history of Armenian music, these articles marked the beginning of the formation of a national worldview, the ideological foundations of which were formed under the influence of German Romanticism, and the culmination of which was the formation of the Armenian national school of composers.

    KeywordsKhachatur Abovyan Johann Benjamin Gross German Romanticism sacred song traditional musical and poetic art art of ashughs national school of composers khaz Sharakan.

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  • Samvel Ramazyan - The problems of studying the epic “Koroglu” and Armenia (in Eng.)
    17 Pages | 216-233 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.1-216 |

    Revceived on: 2024-02-06 | Reviewed on: 2024-02-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-03-22

    Published in: 2024 N 1 (225) / Archaeology, ethnography

    The epic “Koroglu” (“Köroğlu”, “Koroghlu”, “Korogli”, “Kerogli”), despite its late origin (XVII century), in comparison with other Turkic epics, has no analogue in its prevalence. The formation of the epic started from the XVII century and lasted until the XIX century. Later, it was subjected to various artistic developments and changes, becoming a unique example of overcoming linguistic and ethnic boundaries . Mainly handed down by narrators, it began to be written down in the first half of XIX century to the beginning of XX century, and the stories spread in Central Asia, especially in 1930–1940s and later.

    KeywordsKoroglu (Korogli) epic Armenia Armenian version Urmia Azerbaijan (Aturpatakan) A. Chodzko Turkic Iran ashugh.

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  • Samvel Ramazyan - An allogenic personage in the versions of the epic “Sasna Tsrer” and its genealogical roots: Zinjil Ghiran
    14 Pages | 195-209 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2024.3-195 |

    Revceived on: 2024-09-28 | Reviewed on: 2024-09-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2024-11-21

    Published in: 2024 N 3 (227) / Archaeology and Ethnography

    The bearers of the Armenian and Turkic epic traditions in the Armenian Highlands were in constant contact, as a result of which allogeneic (Turkic) personages in the Armenian epic “Sasna Tsrer” (“Daredevils of Sassoun”) and Armenian personages, in particular, in the epic “Kerogli” are revealed. Obviously, there was a process of bilateral mutual enrichment and interpenetration of some epic elements. The analysis of the characters of Zinjil Ghiran in some versions of “Sasna Tsrer” and Zincirkıran in the epic “Keroglu” brings to light their genealogical roots.

    Keywordsepic “Sasna Tsrer” (“Daredevils of Sassoun”) Zinjil Ghiran David of Sassoun epic “Kerogli” Zincirkıran Arakel Davrizhetsi Eremia Komurjian Garegin Hovsepian.

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  • Arsen Bobokhian - Gods, Heroes and Saints: Armenian mountains as spheres of sacred burials
    16 Pages | 166-182 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.1-166 |

    Revceived on: 2023-02-14 | Reviewed on: 2023-02-25 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / Ethnography

    In imaginations of many peoples the high mountains appear as the main habitat and field of action of gods, heroes and saints, who not only act in those landscapes, but are also buried (= reborn) there. The omnipresent category for the Armenian mountains is the vishap (= Arm. for dragon). This is visible both in corresponding archaeological and ethnological materials. According to them, the vishap appears both as deity, and as hero (= giant) and saint. Moreover, these functions are either intermingled or contradicted to each other.

    Keywordsgods heroes saints vishap high altitude zones archaeological sites folk-tales.

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  • Robert Ghazaryan - Aram Kosyan: the Hittite Kingdom (political history) (in Eng.)
    3 Pages | 247-250 |

    Revceived on: 2023-01-17 | Reviewed on: 0001-01-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-03-23

    Published in: 2023 N 1 (222) / Reviews

    The history of the Hittite state is considered one of the most remarkable pages in the history of Near East in the XVII–XIII centuries BC. The state founded by the Indo-European Hittites (Nesians) in the east of Asia Minor and in the west of the Armenian Highland soon included most of the territories of Asia Minor and became one of the most powerful states in the region. However, Asia Minor was not enough for the Hittites.

    KeywordsAsia Minor Hittites the Hittite Kingdom sources Ḫattusa Mittani Egypt Assyria the Armenian Highland.

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  • Argishti Vardanyan - Armenian-Caucasian Albanian alliance against Persian rule (In the middle of the V century)
    17 Pages | 35-52 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-35 |

    Revceived on: 2022-12-15 | Reviewed on: 2023-01-19 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    Along with the imposition of the marzpan system (administrative unit) on the regional countries, the Persian royal court, from the middle of the 5th century, made an attempt to eradicate Christianity and establish Zoroastrianism in Armenia, Caucasian Albania and Virk. But, as expected, this caused a confrontation between the above mentioned countries, which culminated in an uprising. Trying to force them to submit to their will, the Persian army led by Sebukht captured Caucasian Albania in the early autumn of 450, but in October of the same year, Armenian army under the command of sparapet (supreme commander of the armed forces) Vardan Mamikonyan dealt a crushing blow to the numerically superior Persian army and liberated Caucasian Albania.

    KeywordsArmenia Transcaucasia Caucasian Albania Sasanian Persia Vardan Mamikonyan Vasak Syuni Yeghishe Ghazar Parpetsi battle of Khaghagh Kura River Sebukht the Huns.

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  • Gayane Makhmourian - The French policy in the Republic of Armenia and Transcaucasia in 1920 (in Eng.)
    19 Pages | 80-99 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-80 |

    Revceived on: 2023-03-14 | Reviewed on: 2023-03-21 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / History

    In 1920, the French policy implemented in the Republic of Armenia and in the whole of Transcaucasia was essentially different from the trends that had prevailed in 1919. Thus, in May of 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, the French Prime Minister G. Clemenceau vividly asserted political rights of his country in Cilicia and actively discussed the future shape of the Armenian-Turkish border with the head of the British cabinet D. Lloyd George as well as with US President W. Wilson. G. Clemenceau entered into temporary alliances and strived to resist British pressure linked to this matter. He expressed his displeasure with the British Army which was taking all decisions on the spot unilaterally.

    KeywordsRepublic of Armenia France Turkey Transcaucasia Foreign Policy A. Millerand G. Leygues Treaty of Sevres 1920 High Commissioner D. de Martel RSFSR.

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  • Petros Demirchyan - The problem of the mystery of existence in the thinking system of Yeghia Temirchipashyan
    10 Pages | 164-174 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.2-164 |

    Revceived on: 2022-12-19 | Reviewed on: 2022-12-20 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-06-19

    Published in: 2023 N 2 (223) / Philosophy

    During the active period of Yeghia Temirchipashyan's activity (1851-1908), in the last quarter of the 19th century, the mysteries of existence: the issues of matter and soul, life, death and immortality were the subject of permanent discussions of the literary, scientific and philosophical thought of the time. The mentioned questions in the true sense of the word were oppressing Yeghia Temirchipashyan's mind and soul. In the end, he stops before the Mystery of Death, the End, the Mystery of Nothing. Yeghia Temirchipashyan's point of view, of course, did not end with the wisdom of the Great Nothing. Particularly, his work ''The influence of the Buddha'', published under the name Nuria and defined as philosophical novel by the author himself, sheds light on this issue. From this we learn that he was deeply fascinated by the idea of Nirvana while studying Indian history, language, religion and philosophy at school.

    KeywordsYeghia Temirchipashyan matter soul life death love existence simple complex mystery Nirvana.

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  • Kristine Kostikyan - Christians in the Sheki region and the petition of the Islamized Armenian-Udins (IX–XIX centuries)
    15 Pages | 30-45 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-30 |

    Revceived on: 2023-02-25 | Reviewed on: 2023-03-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    The Islamization of the Christians in the Sheki region was intensive from the very beginning of the XVIII century when the weakened Safavid Iran was not able to keep control over the region. There was no longer a force in the region capable to withstand the frequent raids of the North Caucasian tribes who treated the infidels with particular cruelty. The short periods of the Ottoman Empire dominance and Nadir Shah’s rule were also characterized by great destruction caused to the region.

    KeywordsSheki Christian Armenian Udi Islamization Church of Aghvank khanate petition.

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  • Gayane Ghazaryan, Hamo Sukiasyan - Brewing in the Yerevan province (End of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century)
    14 Pages | 124-138 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-124 |

    Revceived on: 2023-10-02 | Reviewed on: 2023-10-10 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / History

    At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, breweries were opened one after another in the cities of Transcaucasia. Based on the newly discovered archival documents and official statistical data, it is shown that the most viable breweries in the Yerevan province were the factories of the Dzitoghtsyans and Tsaghikyans in Alexandropol and Avetyants in Yerevan. They were in operation until World War I and contributed to the revival of Armenian urban life. After the sovietization of Armenia in December 1920, the above mentioned factories were nationalized and put back into operation.

    Keywordsbeer factory production alcoholic beverages Yerevan province Nikolay Smanov Mkrtich Dzitoghtsyan Yegor Oskanov (Voskanyan) Khachatur Avetyants Harutyun Avetyants Hamazasp Tsaghikyan.

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  • Syranush Margaryan - Cultural and historical school and its influence on the works of Father Ghevond Alishan and Garegin Srvandztyants
    16 Pages | 163-179 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-163 |

    Revceived on: 2023-08-28 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-04 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Literary studies

    The cultural-historical school as a cultural-philosophical theory is a set of ideas directly related to historical time, geographical environment and race. Having been formed in France in the last decades of the XІX century, it soon became known throughout the European continent and had many followers in different countries (G. Brandes, P. Lacombe, J. Renard, N. Pipin, etc.). Taking into account the intercultural ties that developed during this period, it becomes obvious that Armenian thinkers could not stay away from this pan-European philosophical and cultural movement. This influence is especially clearly noticeable in the scientific and artistic works of two great Armenologists - Father Ghevond Alishan and Garegin Srvandztyants.

    KeywordsHippolyte Adolphe Taine cultural and historical school Father Ghevond Alishan The Mkhitaryans Garegin Srvandztyants philosophy of aestheticism historicism; the trinomial formula of environment historical moment and race; Eurocentric worldview synchronicity.

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  • Sahak Tarontsi - “Dragon Stone” of Kharberd and its Cultural and Mythological context
    11 Pages | 246-257 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-246 |

    Revceived on: 2023-08-15 | Reviewed on: 2023-09-07 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Archaeology

    On the way from Harputa to Eliazig, two km east to the historical district of Kharberd in Western Armenia, a giant natural boulder is located on the edge of the road leading to the vineyard Gyolu, in the area rich in springs. This sprawling rock, half buried in the ground, resembles a serpentine sculpture of a mythical colossal animal with two identical smaller protrusions on both sides. Elderly locals call this rock formation in Turkish “'ejderha taşı” which means “dragon stone”.

    KeywordsArmenian Highland Sophene Kharberd dragon myth of petrification.

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  • Lilit Dallakyan - Comparative characteristics of South Caucasian ethno-political conflicts (1990–2020) (in Eng.)
    10 Pages | 291-301 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2023.3-291 |

    Revceived on: 2023-09-12 | Reviewed on: 2023-11-17 | Accepted for printing on: 2023-11-29

    Published in: 2023 N 3 (224) / Discussions

    The collapse of the Soviet Union, which had a huge geopolitical significance in recent history, was a stimulus for the outbreak of frozen ethno-political conflicts in its territory, including in the South Caucasus. The “awakening” of the inherited from the USSR and previously hidden conflicts coincided chronologically with the period of Gorbachev's reconstruction and heated up to the maximum after the collapse of the Soviet Union and after the declaration of independence of three new states in the South Caucasus: Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the framework of the formation of the modern world order, the world power centers, in particular the Russian Federation and the USA, and the states with a regional role, were actively involved in the multi-layered vortex of the problems of Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and naturally, pursuing their interests, they turned the processes of conflict settlement into important tool for managing the situation.

    Keywords: South Caucasian ethno-political conflicts Nagorno-Karabakh-Artsakh South Ossetia Abkhazia right of self-determination of nations Georgian-Abkhazian Georgian-South Ossetian Russian-Georgian military operations chauvinism policy peacekeeping forces international law.

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  • Mikael Martirosyan - Great national figure and philanthropist: Poghos Nubar Pasha
    22 Pages | 3-25 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-3 |

    Revceived on: 2021-12-06 | Reviewed on: 2021-12-21 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-03-07

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    Among the Armenian national, public and political figures of the early 20th century, Poghos Nubar Pasha stands out with his patriotic activities. He was born in 1851 in Constantinople. As the son of Egyptian Prime Minister Nubar Pasha, he received a European education and began his career in France, later continuing his labour activities in Egypt. Poghos Nubar Pasha played a significant role in the national life of the Armenians of Egypt. He was the founder and lifetime honorary president of the General Armenian Benevolent Union. In 1912, the Catholicos of all Armenians, Gevorg the Fifth, appointed him head of the Armenian National Delegation in Europe.

    KeywordsPoghos Nubar Pasha Gevorg the Fifth Patriarchate of Constantinople Armenian National Delegation Armenian reforms Russian-Turkish agreement Treaty of Sevres AGBU great philanthropist national figure Marie Nubar.

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  • Petros Demirchyan - Collecting and ethnographic activities of Garegin Srvandztyants
    9 Pages | 122-131 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-118 |

    Revceived on: 2022-01-20 | Reviewed on: 2022-03-01 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-03-09

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    Bishop Garegin Srvandztyants (1840–1892) is one of the most merited representatives of the Armenian people, both as a devoted national-public figure and as an incomparable philologist, folklore collector and ethnographer. The most important part of his activity is a series of collections, which are the result of a diligent collection оf over a decade (1874–1884) of folk tales and traditions and wealthy ethnographic materials. The name of G. Srvandztyants is associated, in particular, with the identification, recording and publication of the first version of the Armenian national epic “Sasna Tsrer” – “David of Sassoun or Mher’s Door”.

    KeywordsGaregin Srvandztyants philologist folklore collector ethnographer “Toros Aghpar” “David of Sassoun or Mher’s Door” Arabkir city art culture Matenadaran.

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  • Felix Movsisyan - “Masyats Aghavni” on the American Civil War
    21 Pages | 132-153 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-128 |

    Revceived on: 2021-09-02 | Reviewed on: 2021-09-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-02-07

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    The American Civil War of 1861–1865 received a wide response in the Armenian periodical press of the time, including the “Masyats Aghavni” magazine.This periodical, which was representing the Armenian national-conservative current, was published in 1860–1865 in Theodosia edited by Archimandrite Gabriel Aivazovsky. “Masyats Aghavni” is one of the unique Armenian periodicals that predicted the inevitability of the conflict between the northern and southern states before the start of the US Civil War. The magazine attributes this to the election of Abraham Lincoln, the representative of the Republican Party representing the interests of the northern states, which is considered one of the remarkable events of the time.

    Keywords“Masyats Aghavni” North South power slavery war strife rebellion unity solidarity Abraham Lincoln.

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  • Hovhannes Ayvazyan - Once again on the question of the origin of David Bek
    15 Pages | 154-169 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-150 |

    Revceived on: 2022-01-11 | Reviewed on: 2022-01-18 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-03-09

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    The biographical information on David Bek, the leader of the liberation movement of Syunik of the 18th century, is scant or non-existent. The combined analysis of the research conducted by different authors, separute evidence and manuscripts, enables us to conclude: 1. David Bek was presumably from Syunik, born in Tatev. In all likelihood, this was the reason he became the leader of the liberation movement of Syunik.

    Keywords the liberation movement of Syunik David Bek Mkhitar Sparapet Melik Parsadan Melik Bali Ter Avetik Ghukas Sebastatsi Samuel Aramyan “Selected History…” Raffi Lalayan Adontz Halidzor Bekh Shinuhayr Tatev.

  • Mher Navoyan - Differentiation problems in the folk-professional branch of Armenian traditional music-poetic art
    18 Pages | 170-188 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-166 |

    Revceived on: 2021-09-16 | Reviewed on: 2021-12-23 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-01-17

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Articles, reports

    In traditional Armenian music-poetry, the manifestations of Gusan and Ashugh art very often are not differentiated. The lack of clarity on this issue is a consequence of disregarding the main characteristics of these expressions of traditional art, along with the lack of research on Gusan art in general. The absence of a clear distinction between the folk and folk-professional (secular-professional) branches of Armenian traditional musical-poetical art is also important, due to its relation to the differentiation between Gusan and Ashugh art, representing two areas of folk-professional branch.

    Keywords folk– professional secular professional Gusan Ashugh “Ergqkՙ cՙcՙocՙ ev parucՙ” “Hagnergutyun” (rhapsody ῥαψῳδία) horeia (χορεία).

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  • Aram Kosyan -
    15 Pages | 232-247 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.1-220 |

    Revceived on: 2021-12-23 | Reviewed on: 2021-12-25 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-01-10

    Published in: 2022 N 1 (219) / Discussions

    For the history of the Armenian Highland and particularly the emergence and development of Armenian nation, the geographical conditions had an important role. Its unbiased analysis can fundamentally change current dominant concepts. It is time for the in-depth study of our history in close relationship with the geographical and climatic peculiarities of the Armenian Highland, which definitely could contribute much for the solution of many problems which until now remain inexplicable. The impact of environment on society is divided into two spheres: 1) Constant influence of geographical environment, 2) global climatic fluctuations which sometimes cover many centuries, 3) natural disasters (volcanoes, earthquakes etc.). Below we shall briefly present first two factors.

    KeywordsEnvironment society geographical determinism climatic changes Armenian Highland.

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  • Ruben Sahakyan - Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan (A-Do)
    24 Pages | 9-33 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-9 |

    Revceived on: 2022-03-30 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-17 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-09

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / History

    Public-political figure Hovhannes Ter-Martirosyan, known under the pseudonym A-Do, was born on January 4, 1867 in Nor Bayazet town. Here he received his primary education. In 1881 he moved to Yerevan where he graduated from a diocesan school and later studied at the Kharkov University (1905), at the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute (1907). A-Do was an eyewitness to the Russian Revolution (1905-1907), the Armenian-Tartar clashes (1905-1906). He thoroughly studied the causes of the clashes and wrote a special work on the conflict ‒ “Armenian-Turkish clash of 1905-1906” (1907).

    KeywordsA-Do Nor Bayаzet Yerevan Dashnaktsutyun Armenian-Tartar clashes Artsakh Van Rostom Aram Manukyan Nikol Aghbalyan February Revolution Salmast Sardarapat Garegin Nzhdeh.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan - Yuri Veselovsky and the Armenian reality
    32 Pages | 89-121 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-89 |

    Revceived on: 2022-05-16 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-06

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Literature

    This year marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of the famous Russian scientist-literary scholar, poet, translator, Armenologist, Yuri Aleksey Veselovsky – the first thorough researcher and propagandist of the history, literature and art of the Armenian people in Russia since the late 80s of the 19th century. His studies are a valuable contribution to the development of Armenology in Russia. The son of a professor at Moscow University, a talented researcher of world literature, the author of numerous articles and studies, Alexey Nikolaevich and translator Alexandra Adolfovna Veselovsky, and the nephew of Academician Alexander Nikolaevich Veselovsky – Yu. Veselovsky was born on July 6, 1872 in Moscow.

    Keywords Yu. Veselovsky Moscow Lazarian Seminary Armenian reality M. Berberyan Mkhitarist Congregation of Venice and Vienna Nor-Nakhijevan history of Armenia Armenian-Russian literrary ties theatre and playwrights S. Shahaziz A. Tsaturyan translations anniversary celebration lecture Baku “Armenian Bulletin”.

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  • Susanna Hovhannisyan - Intuition in Hovhannes Tumanyan’s life
    17 Pages | 122-139 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-122 |

    Revceived on: 2022-01-25 | Reviewed on: 2022-01-28 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-05-02

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Literature

    Hovhannes Tumanyan was largely endowed with an intuitive perception of the cause-and-effect relationships of phenomena and realities, as well as telepathic abilities. Complex sensations of the subconscious world were available to him, thanks to which intuition and foresight became essential components of the poet’s worldview and world perception, became important means of knowing the world.

    KeywordsHovh. Tumanyan intuition foresight sleep psychological signals extrasensory perception creative inspiration instinct.

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  • Heriknaz Vorskanyan - Medieval riddles on the topics of Armenian history
    22 Pages | 140-162 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-140 |

    Revceived on: 2022-05-04 | Reviewed on: 2022-05-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-05-26

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Literature

    The first author who wrote riddles on the theme of the Armenian history was the well-known author of medieval Armenian literature, Catholicos Nerses Shnorhali (XII c.). He thematically grouped riddles. The historical figures of the first group of his riddles are connected with the themes of Armenian history of the pre-Christian period and of the fourth century. They are endowed with mythical power and form the mighty strength and spirit of the people. The second group of riddles includes prominent figures associated with the Christianity and culture, who began and paved the way for the Enlightenment and spiritual and moral growth of the people.

    Keywords personal-writing riddles A. Mnatsakanyan N. Shnorhali Arme¬nian history Tiratur vardapet (archimandrite) Hovh. Tsortsoretsi Anonymous Agatangeghos Buzand Khorenatsi Artsruni Gandzaketsi.

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  • Marianna Tigranyan - Two archimandrites: Sahak Amatuni and Komitas (Memories of contemporaries)
    14 Pages | 201-215 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-201 |

    Revceived on: 2021-12-09 | Reviewed on: 2021-12-20 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-05-23

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Art

    The 70s-80s of the 19th century was the period of the formation of Armenian musical folkloristics, whose initial stage incorporated the recording and collection of folk songs. Christopher Kara-Murza, Nikoghayos Tigranyan, Makar Yekmalyan, Arshak Brutyan, Stepan Demuryan played a special role in this process. Among these great sons of the Armenian people is the name of Archimandrite Sahak Amatuni (1856-1920), who stood at the very origins of Armenian musical folkloristics.

    KeywordsArch. S. Amatuni Komitas Gevorgyan Seminary of Etchmiadzin Sh. Simon M. Abeghyan A. Sedrakyan S. Vratsyan “Lake Nersisyan” Oshakan musical folklore folk song.

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  • Hasmik Abrahamyan - “Atsik” food in the Armenian festive and ritual system (According to the materials recorded in Syunik)
    15 Pages | 241-256 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-241 |

    Revceived on: 2022-03-02 | Reviewed on: 2022-03-09 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-14

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Ethnography

    Food is an essential part of the culture of the national feasts. In this context, it is a sacrifice (cereals, meat, dairy products), the purpose of which is to express gratitude for a high harvest and protection from natural disasters (drought, rain, etc.). Atsik (malt) in the scientific literature is mentioned as food symbolizing the arrival of spring and is prepared during Lent or on the eve of Easter.

    Keywords аtsik Lent Easter festive ritual culture Syunik food grain wheat rain St. Sargis matagh (sacrifice).

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  • Aram Abrahamyan - Observations on the historical roots of the political culture of the Armenian state (20th-21st cc.)
    13 Pages | 270-283 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.2-270 |

    Revceived on: 2022-04-06 | Reviewed on: 2022-04-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-06-02

    Published in: 2022 N 2 (220) / Discussions

    For many centuries, Armenians lived on the territory of various empires. Historically, the closest are the periods of the Russian and Ottoman empires, as well as the Persian Empire. The political cultures of these empires had noticeable impact on the formation of culture in the Armenian state, starting from 1918. In this matter, the way of legitimizing the first person of the state is of great importance, in particular, in the Byzantine Empire, and then in the Russian empire.

    Keywords political culture Byzantine Empire Russian Empire political and legal thought legitimacy constitutionality legal awareness statehood Third Republic.

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  • Ararat Hakobyan - Historiographical assessment by academician Ashot Ioannisyan on the issues of the Russian orientation of the Armenian people
    16 Pages | 30-46 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-30 |

    Revceived on: 2022-07-25 | Reviewed on: 2022-09-28 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History

    Long-term scientific and research activity of the distinguished historian and preeminent party and government leader academician Ashot Ionnisyan (1887-1972), can be divided into two stages: pre-Soviet and Soviet. One of the important areas of his historical and scientific researches was the coverage of centuries old liberation struggle of the Armenian people that is summarized in his valuable monographs. For obvious reasons, the Soviet Armenian historiography gave an exaggerated assessment to the Russian orientation of the Armenian people, such as fateful, critical, turning point, etc. From the point of view of historical science, A. Ioannisyan's opinion and assessment put forward in his works of the pre-Soviet period appear to be more balanced and reasonable, particularly, on the issues of the Russian orientation of the Armenian people in connecttion with the activities of Israel Ori (1659-1711).

    KeywordsA. Ioannisyan Armenian people Russia Israel Ori orientation historiography assessment turning point “Excerpts” Peter the Great Ankeghakot Munich closing speech independence protector Minas vardapet indicator.

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  • Vardan Alexanyan - Armenian church in the period of restoration of the internal autonomy of Armenia (First half of the 9th century)
    22 Pages | 62-84 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-62 |

    Revceived on: 2022-06-21 | Reviewed on: 2022-06-23 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / History

    In the VIII-IX centuries, feudal landownership, which constituted the economic basis of the Armenian Church, underwent structural changes. Newly built monasteries form their infrastructure and acquire large plots of land. In the context of interfaith disputes and attacks from Islam, the church strengthens its theoretical foundations and creates its own legislation. A clear definition of the ritual-religious and theological principles of the Armenian Church contributes to the development of awareness of national and religious identity.

    KeywordsArmenian church Arab rulers monastery religious persecution Bagarat Bagratuni David II Kakaghetsi Hovhannes IV Ovaetsi Mutavaqqil apostasy rebellion Tondrakian movement martyrdom.

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  • David Gasparyan - Eghishe Charents’ foreign journey (November 21, 1924 – beginning of June, 1925)
    27 Pages | 85-112 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-85 |

    Revceived on: 2022-09-05 | Reviewed on: 2022-09-12 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / Literature

    On November 21, 1924, Charents left Batumi for an international journey on the ship “Bukovina”. Abroad, Charents was perceived as a symbol of the USSR, as a red poet. His first stop was Trabzon, where he wrote the poem "Lenin and Alin" based on the impressions he got there. Then follows Constantinople where Charents wrote the poem “Stambol” from December 19 to 22 and in the same month, he published it in a separate booklet. On January 9, 1925, he left Istanbul for Athens. In early February of 1925, the poet left Greece and in a few days, he was already in Rome. On the way, he visited the island of Capri in the Bay of Naples.

    KeywordsYeghishe Charents Al. Myasnikyan H. Surkhatyan Trabzon Istanbul Athens Rome Venice St. Lazar Paris Berlin V. Navasardyan Av. Isahakyan K. Zaryan H. Tumanyan.

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  • Ariadna Harutyunyan - The poem “On Labor” by Ghunkianos Karnetsi
    10 Pages | 133-143 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-133 |

    Revceived on: 2022-04-05 | Reviewed on: 2022-07-06 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / Literature

    The poem by minstrel-singer of the transitional period in the development of Armenian literature - Ghunkianos Karnetsi (1781/1786-1841), “On Labor” has a cognitive meaning. One of the features of minstrel poetry is the periodic repetition in each line and stanza of a word or phrase as a semantic unit, emphasizing the meaning and essence of this poem. Here the word «դատել» means “to work”, “to labor”.

    Keywordsjustice greed thoughtful and instructive minstrel art refrain-ending “datil” secular spirit biblical commandment laziness ignorance.

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  • Suren Hobosyan - The folk storyteller Hobos from Lori (Period and environment of his activity and morals)
    11 Pages | 182-193 | DOI: DOI:10.54503/0135-0536-2022.3-182 |

    Revceived on: 2022-09-05 | Reviewed on: 2022-09-29 | Accepted for printing on: 2022-11-09

    Published in: 2022 N 3 (221) / Ethnography

    Lori is the homeland of the fabulist Hobos (abbreviated name for Hovhannes); the villages of Shnogh, Chochkan and Hobardzi are associated with his name. In 1903 in Tbilisi, ethnographer Yervand Lalayan published part of Hobos' fables, writing in the preface that he moved to Shnogh from Chochkan village. In one of the cemeteries of Shnogh, the tombstone of Hobos is preserved, on the eastern edge of which is written: “This is grave of Hobos”, the year of death - 1874.

    Keywordsstoryteller Hobos Lori Shnogh ancestry Chochkan fable tombstone Kaytson Veran Bero.

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  • Arsen Harutyunyan - The reliefs and their probable master of St. Paul-Peter Temple of Tatev Monastery
    13 Pages | 145-158 |

    Revceived on: 2020-09-29 | Reviewed on: 2020-10-07 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-01-29

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    Tatev monastery is one of the famous spiritual-cultural centers of medieval Armenia, the main St. Paul-Peter (895–906) temple of which was built on the site of an early medieval dilapidated church. The cornices of the eastern twin niches of the temple, as well as one for each of the northern and southern windows of St. Paul-Peter temple of Tatev monastery, are decorated with ktitor sculptural portraits and with the reliefs of dragon-snakes (except for the southern cornice) symbolizing their protection.

    KeywordsTatev monastery St. Paul-Peter temple reliefs St. Orbelyan St. Mnatsakanyan sculptural portrait dragon-snake niche cornice prince vardpet (stonemason) Yeghia.

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  • Knar Harutyunyan - Idioms in the “History of Armenia” By Ghazar Parpetsi not recorded in the dictionaries of Old Armenian․
    10 Pages | 159-169 |

    Revceived on: 2020-09-16 | Reviewed on: 2020-09-08 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-01-29

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    The study of Old Armenian (Grabar) idioms has got a comparatively short history, so there are some questions which have not been solved conclusively. One of them is the problem of the idioms not recorded in the dictionaries. The study of the vocabulary of “History of Armenia” by the 5th century historian Ghazar Parphetsi revealed 29 new idioms not included in either the phraseological or other dictionaries of the Old Armenian language.

    KeywordsOld Armenian (Grabar) idioms dictionary of idioms vocabulary idioms not recorded in the dictionaries structural analysis morphological classification Ghazar Parpetsi “History of Armenia”.

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  • Gayane Kocharyan, Gayane Kocharyan - The eternal sacrament of Dvin fortress-sanctuary
    11 Pages | 180-191 |

    Revceived on: 2021-02-25 | Reviewed on: 2021-03-02 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-03-29

    Published in: 2021 N 1 (216) / Articles, reports

    The comparative analysis of the results of investigations based on archaeological and written sources, as well as the new data of mythology and ethnography enable to reveal the cultic sacrament of fortress-sanctuary Dvin. Near the main route Vagharshapat–Artashat the multilayer traditional sanctuary Dvin and the oracle Yerazamuyn (according to Agatangeghos – the historian of the 5th c., – god Tir was worshipped here at the 3rd century BC) were interconnected as a complete cultic complex. In this sanctuary during the Classical period in the actual process of syncretization the cult of the guardian deities of light was manifested in the image of the luminous triad Tir-Apollo-Mithra.

    Keywordsmultilayer site Dvin traditional sanctuary world-view perceptions religious syncretization luminous triad Tir-Apollo-Mithra St. Gregory the Illuminator eternal sacrament cult of light.

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  • Petros Demirchyan - Yeghia Temirchipashyan: honored writer and intellectual
    14 Pages | 31-45 |

    Revceived on: 2021-05-13 | Reviewed on: 2021-05-26 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-15

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    Writer, publicist, philosopher, pedagogue, editor Yeghia Temirchipashyan (1851–1908) occupies a special place in the history of Armenian literature and, in particular, in the national-social, educational and cultural development of the last quarter of the 19th century. He was destined to live and create for our people, truly, in a crucial historical time, when not only national and public life, but also scientific and meaningful creative thought was undergoing rapid reforms. In the oppressive atmosphere of the Sultan’s Turkey, even the creative spirit of Armenians tried to find a way out of the developments taking place in the world, the sources of progress and the latest ways.

    KeywordsYeghia Temirchipashyan publicist philosopher pedagogue editor “Yerkragund” “Grakan yev imastasirakan sharzhum” innovateur.

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  • Vahe Sargsyan - The legislative regulation of the legal status of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Georgian Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in post-Soviet Georgia
    15 Pages | 134-149 |

    Revceived on: 2021-06-07 | Reviewed on: 2021-06-14 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-06-24

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    Since independence, Georgia has not adopted a law regulating the field of religious organizations and defining their rights and obligations (“Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations”). The relations between the latter and the state are regulated by a constitutional agreement approved by the Parliament as of October 22, 2002.

    KeywordsGeorgia religious organizations Georgian Orthodox Church legal status constitutional agreement Civil Code legal entity under public law Armenian Apostolic Church Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church in Georgia property rights churches.

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  • David Gasparyan - The border of history and art (According to the novel “The White Horseman” by Hamastegh)
    21 Pages | 150-171 |

    Revceived on: 2021-04-22 | Reviewed on: 2021-04-27 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-05-10

    Published in: 2021 N 2 (217) / Articles, reports

    The novel “The White Horseman” without Chapters 3 and 4 was published in “Hayrenik” magazine of Boston (1931, №. 7, 1933, №. 12) and then in a separate book in Los Angeles (vols. 1–2, 1952), in one volume in Yerevan (2016). The time included in the novel is the 1890s. This is a novel with a historical-political program, but it is not a historical novel. There are historical hidden figures among the heroes: Cherchi Kiros – Hrayr Dzhoghk (Armenak Ghazaryan (1864–1904), Malkhas – Gevorg Chaush (Gevorg Ghazaryan) (1870–1907)), Nairyan – the conventional image of an ideological leader. The novel has a cer¬tain ideological orientation: shortly after the Genocide, the loss of the homeland, it tries to instill in the people the spirit of victory, even the dream of victory.

    Keywords Hamastegh “The White Horseman” Martik Cherchi Kiros Berdak Vardadzor fedayi liberation war Armenian Kurdish Turkish homeland struggle heroes victory.

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  • Vardan Devrikyan - The scientific and literary heritage of Father Ghevond Alishan
    28 Pages | 3-31 | DOI: doi:10.52853/01350536-2021.3-3 |

    Revceived on: 2020-07-13 | Reviewed on: 2021-09-06 | Accepted for printing on: 2021-11-29

    Published in: 2021 N 3 (218) / Articles, reports

    Ghevond Alishan’s scientific-literary heritage includes his scientific publications of Armenian medieval manuscripts, historical-geographical and historical studies, literary-religious translations, fiction and poems. Alishan originally planned to present all the regions of Historical Armenia in separate volumes, but managed to publish just four of them: “Shirak” (1881), “Sisvan” (1885) dedicated to Cilicia, “Ayrarat” (1890) and dedicated to Syunik “Sisakan” (1893). Although these are historical-geographical works, they are however written in the artistic style peculiar to Alishan. He paid special importance to writing about the historical and heroic events related to the places of those geographical areas.

    KeywordsGh. Alishan Mekhitarist Congregation “Nahapet’s songs” “Geography of Armenia” Ani Shirak Zeitun Syunik Vardan Mamikonyan rose and nightingale Moon.

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  • Samvel Ramazyan - The Armenian-Hellenic relations and General Andranik (1912–1922)
    32 Pages | 3-35 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-3 |

    Revceived on: 2024-10-09 | Reviewed on: 2025-01-05 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

    Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History

    Famous commander, General Andranik (Andranik Ozanyan, 1865–1927), throughout all his activity, stayed in touch with the Greek people and cooperated with Greece. During the First Balkan War of 1912–1913 Andranik with the Armenian volunteer company of the Bulgarian Army participated in the liberation and defence of Greek settlements from Ottoman troops in Macedonia and Thrace and provided necessary support to the local Greek population.

    KeywordsGeneral Andranik Greece Armenian Company Garegin Nzhdeh Eleftherios Venizelos Hellenic Army Thessaloniki Arshak Mnatsakanyan (Armen Syni) Smyrna Yeghishe Kadjuni.

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  • Anushavan Zakaryan , Gayane Makhmourian - Letters by Mkrtich Khrimian, dated 30 May 1904, to the presidents of France the USA in the context of the reform programs for Western Armenia
    20 Pages | 36-56 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-36 |

    Revceived on: 2024-12-11 | Reviewed on: 2025-02-20 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

    Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / History

    An irreconcilable struggle was waged in 1878–1904, and particularly since 1895, between the block of Great Powers seeking to implement reforms in Western Armenia, that suffered under the yoke of the Ottoman Empire, and the longing of the Sublime Porte to abort these processes. England, France and Russia, notwithstanding all controversies and rivalries between them, elaborated joint programs to establish capitalist fundamentals in the Ottoman Empire.

    Keywordsletters by Mkrtich Khrimian Western Armenia Ottoman Empire reforms massacres self- defense of Sasun in 1904 Theodore Roosevelt Emile Loubet Edward VII Hovsep Sarajian Sahak Ayvatian Andranik Ozanian Gevorg Chaush Gegham Ter-Karapetian.

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  • Alina Gharibyan - Mythological bases of the character of Khandut in the epic “Sasna Tsrer”
    22 Pages | 104-126 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-104 |

    Revceived on: 2024-11-07 | Reviewed on: 2025-02-02 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

    Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / Literary studies

    In the epic “Sasna Tsrer” Khandut appears as a heroine endowed with exceptional qualities of heroism, dedication, and self-sacrifice. These features of her character contribute to a more holistic perception of the image of the main hero, David. The motives related to Khandut are extremely diverse, making her image the most complete and perfect. We analyzed the character of Khandut in the context of episodes and motives associated with her in 94 versions of the epic “Sasna Tsrer”, taking into account the characteristics of three typological groups (Moks, Mush, Sasoun).

    Keywords“Sasna Tsrer” еpic Khandut motive Mother Goddess an Amazon heroic woman virgin goddess dragon fighter mythology goddess Anahit.

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  • Armine Tigranyan - Azerbaijan’s policy of destruction and appropriation of the cultural heritage of the Armenians of Artsakh in the context of violation of cultural rights (in Eng.)
    33 Pages | 195-228 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.1-195 |

    Revceived on: 2024-09-11 | Reviewed on: 2024-11-24 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-03-27

    Published in: 2025 N 1 (228) / Cultural studies

    The war unleashed by Azerbaijan against Artsakh on September 27, 2020, and the subsequent developments (the transfer of Artsakh’s historical territory under Azerbaijan’s control and the complete depopulation of Artsakh of its Armenian population) demonstrate that the systematic destruction of Armenian heritage has directly violated the cultural rights of the Armenians of Artsakh–depriving them of the ability to preserve and pass on their heritage to future generations. These destructions continue to this day on an alarming scale, deepening the crisis and erasing the Armenian presence in Artsakh.

    KeywordsArtsakh Armenian cultural heritage cultural rights Azerbaijan heritage destruction appropriation forced displacement․

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  • Heriknaz Vorskanyan - Prominent Armenologist Manuk Abeghyan at the origins of the Academic Science
    27 Pages | 73-100 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-73 |

    Revceived on: 2025-04-18 | Reviewed on: 2025-05-22 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / Literary studies

    One of the outstanding representatives of the Armenian philology is Manuk Abeghyan (1885–1944), Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Social Sciences, Honored Scientist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia. M. Abeghyan's research works were of fundamental importance in several branches of Armenology, i.e. philology, literary studies, linguistics. He laid the foundation for the scientific study of prosody.

    KeywordsManuk Abeghyan pedagogue national-public figure Armenologist orthographic reforms prosody theory methodology.

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  • Armen Manukyan - Nikol Aghbalyan: Life and Activity
    22 Pages | 101-123 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-101 |

    Revceived on: 2025-03-03 | Reviewed on: 2025-03-14 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / Literary studies

    Nikol Aghbalyan (1875–1947) was one of the outstanding Armenian figures of the late 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, a literary critic, public and political figure, statesman and teacher. His formation as an individual, an Armenian and public figure was greatly influenced by his birthplace (Havlabar quarter in Tiflis), the art of Sayat Nova, Armenian medieval literature, European and Russian literature and critical thought; it should be also mentioned the priceless role of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

    KeywordsNikol Aghbalyan Tiflis Sayat-Nova Armenian medieval literature literary studiesminister emigration Armenian Lyceum in Beirut.

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  • Тorc Dalalyan - General epic schemes in the Armenian and Ossetian epics
    19 Pages | 137-156 | DOI: Doi:10.54503/0135-0536-2025.2-137 |

    Revceived on: 2025-03-18 | Reviewed on: 2025-04-04 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-07-11

    Published in: 2025 N 2 (229) / Folklore studies

    The article addresses general epic schemes of the three Armenian epics: ethnogonic, pagan, and medieval-Christian, as well as the Ossetian “Nart” epic. These folklore monuments received their final forms in different historical eras. The formation of the ethnogonic epic “Haikian” (Haikids) was completed in the 9th–8th centuries BC, the pagan epic “Ergk Vipasanats” (“Vipasank”) was composed from the 2nd century BC – 1st century AD, while the medieval epic “Sasna Tserer” was finally formed mainly in the 9th–10th centuries.

    Keywordsepic four-branch structure thunder proto-character twins triplets “mithraic” hero main dragon-fighting hero dying and resurrecting hero.

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  • Petros Demirchyan - Thomas Terzyan: an original writer, aesthete, teacher
    11 Pages | 83-94 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-83 |

    Revceived on: 2025-09-13 | Reviewed on: 2025-09-30 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / Literary studies

    Thomas Terzyan (1840–1909) was one of the prominent figures of the Western Armenian intellectuals of the second half of the 19th century. He received his education at one of the renowned Armenian educational institutions of the time, the Murat-Raphaelian College of the Mekhitarist Order in Venice. Famous teachers Ghevond Alishan and Arsen Bagratuni played a great role in the formation of his personality as a bearer of national and universal values.

    KeywordsTovmas Terzyan teacher poet playwright aesthete translator

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  • Ashot Manucharyan - Arevik branch of the Syunik thronal princes
    6 Pages | 193-199 | DOI: DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2025.3-193 |

    Revceived on: 2025-11-05 | Reviewed on: 2025-11-11 | Accepted for printing on: 2025-11-17

    Published in: 2025 N 3 (230) / Archaeology

    In the result of the conducted research, we added the sixth branch to the five ones of the ruling royal princes of Syunik – branch of princes of the province of Arevik. The basis for this was the inscription on the khachkar installed in the southern corner of the eastern wall of the Church of St. Stepanos in the village of Vank restored in 1554, Meghri region. This inscription, dated 902, mentions “Lord Smbat”. According to the research and purchase contracts of the Tatev Monastery for the period from 839 to 891, the title of “Lord” was borne by diocesan bishops and throne princes. The same Smbat is mentioned on the khachkar, dated 911, which was erected in the rural area of Lichkvaz in the region of Meghri.

    Keywords Syunik Arevik Meghri throne prince church khachkar inscription

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  • Samvel Ramazyan - The Image of the Armenian King in “Oghuz-Nameh” (in Russ)
    14 Pages | 67-81 | DOI: 10.54503/0135-0536-2026.1-67 |

    Revceived on: 2025-10-13 | Reviewed on: 2025-10-13 | Accepted for printing on: 2026-03-20

    Published in: 2026 N 1(231) / Folklore Studies

    The image of the Armenian ruler (king) as an opponent of the Turks has been repeatedly recorded in the Turkic epic tradition. One such example is the image of Tekfur or Tekfur Khan, i.e. the king of Cilician Armenia, in the work “Oghuz-nameh” by the Iranian author Rashid al-Din Fadlullah of the XIII–XIV centuries. The article presents references to Tekfur found in that work and an examination of the original forms. The fact that the historical prototype of the image of Tekfur in the “Oghuz-nameh” is the king of Cilician Armenia is confirmed by more detailed references to Tekfur in another work of the historian – “Tārīkh-i Afranj” (“History of the Franks”), as well as in the works of other Muslim authors.

    KeywordsRashid al-Din Fadlullah “Oghuz-nameh” Tekfur (Takfur) Ar¬me¬nia (Cilician Armenia) Turks.

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